Pablo and Braque: Art after World War I Essay

World War I left a massively enduring effect everywhere throughout the world. The monetary, social and administrative decimation were immeasurable.â The war starts in 1914 and endured four years.â Eight million individuals lost their lives many being regular people in what has been known as the Great War.â â â Europe was left completely demolished monetarily and socially. Europe fell because of how much the war cost and expanded expansion constraining them to print more cash (http://www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/ventures/great_war/effects.htm).â â The hopeless future made many slip into a burdensome state in view of the offensiveness of the war.â Europe was coercively guided into the modern age.â Those who delighted in money related solace before the war were currently confronting destitution (http://www.art-ww1.com/gb/present.html).  â â â â â â â â â â  It is difficult to envision then the damaging nature a war could have on the imaginative network of that time. Numerous craftsman including Braque joined the war deserting their gifts to seek after fight on the military front.â Fighting one next to the other with their comrades some lost their lives or continued significant injuries. Other craftsman witness the impact the Great War had in their home district. In any case, all were left with an enduring effect that was passed on through their specialty work.â â Boccioni, Macke, and Marc among others lost their lives battling or an aftereffect of the war.â Artists like Picasso and Gris were not approached to enroll to battle since they were in unbiased nations. In any case, a large number of the craftsmen enrolled as a result of steadfastness to their nation or to be a piece of the dramatization of the war.â Up until this period specialists didn't need to turn out to be a piece of the war (http://www.art-ww1.com/gb/present.html).  â â â â â â â â â â After the war, numerous craftsmen remembered the recollections of the war through their portrayals and drawings.â Others were so discouraged by what they saw took their work of art a contrary way. Works of art were primarily of city life.â There was a faltering to show the savagery of the war.â Many photographic artists would just print pictures that show collections of the adversary, yet later photos ofâ groups of Germany and French officers were demonstrated lying close to each other.â (http://www.art-ww1.com/gb/present.html).  â â â â â â â â â â The Treaty of Versailles was just an emblematic end to the war.â The delayed consequences of the war were all the while sending stun waves long after the marking of the arrangement. Governments turned out to be increasingly liberal and Germany maddened over the mortification coercively lead to the Second World War (http://www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/ventures/great_war/effects.htm).â â The war tremendously affected the imaginative network during and after. Two striking specialists of that time Braque and Picasso each responded to the war through their masterful en devours.â For one their faceted style was kept up after the war while the other was left incidentally incapable to paint rose above into all the more still life and back splendid hues maybe to eliminate the distressingness of the war.â Braque’s and Picasso’s style contrasted after thee war because of the pulverization left by the war, Braque’s injury supported during the war, and reputation of Picasso during and after the war.  â â â â â â â â â â World War I endured from August 1914 to November 1919.â It included the greater part of Europe and the United States. It was battled from each possible position-air, over the ground, underground, on water, and submerged. This was the primary all out war where nations utilized their complete populace and assets to fight.â France lost an entire age by ending the lives of a huge number of Frenchmen (Encarta 2005, World War I).â The huge body check couldn't be considered until the war had finished. The world had not had a war that affected the whole world until this one. It was possibly alluded to as World War I when World War II starts up to that point it was known as the Great War.â It starts with the death of Archduke of Ferdinand in 1914 and finished with the demised of three realms: Germany, Russia, and Austro-Hungary.â The war accelerated the upheaval of Europe guiding the innovative and logical age. The war offered ascend to the Soviet Union and the Nazi system in light of the embarrassment felt by Germany. The essence of focal Europe was changed for the following twenty years.â Painters of each possible kind were on the bleeding edges battling one next to the other their friends. A few passed on during the war, for example, Boccioni, Macke, Marc and La Fresnaye.â Neutral nations such a Spain the home to Picasso and Gris were not asked to fight.â Artist s from each classification was asked to fight.â Legar was a stretch-conveyor, Kokoschka a cavalryman, and Beckmann a surgeon. They all composed and painted about what they saw and did.â â â These specialists left a tragic record of the decimation of the war.â Their fine art is a declaration.  â â â â â â â â â â Little research has been done or their fine art has been overlooked. This most likely because of the agonizing recollections related with the war. Other people who endured picked not portray the dramatization of war and their style turned out to be very surprising than before.â (http://www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/ventures/great_war/effects.htm).  â â â â â â â â â â One such craftsman was George Braque who style after the war was distinctive in shading and topic. He was one of their own from France who battled in the war.â He was conceived in Argenteuil-sur-Seine which was later the home of the impressionist movement.â His dad and granddad were both house painters and youthful George followed in his dad and granddad strides. At age 15 Braque’s family moved to Le Haurve and George began taking courses at a neighborhood workmanship school.â He began his vocation as an inside decorator.â Braque moved to Paris at age 17 to completely submerse himself in his energy for space and color.â He enrolled into the military and in 1902 with the money related sponsorship of his family he went to a private craftsmanship school the vole des Beaux-Arts.â He was enlivened by African and Greek models and frequently the visit the Lourve for thoughts (http://www.mes.csuhayward.edu/~malek/Braque.html).  â â â â â â â â â â George Braque painting was impact significantly by the Fauves-Matisse and Derain.â Their wild varied style was called Fauvism.â Fauvism stressed wild striking hues like that of Van Gogh (Encarta 2005 Fauvism).â Like a portion of the craftsman of the time Braque needed to challenge the customary topics in work of art. He needed his works of art to inspire a feeling, a conversation, and a state of mind. He achieved such an errand with works like Antwerp and Landscape at La Ciotat of 1906. These compositions indicated the striking shades of Fauvism, however little line . After a time of Fauvism, Braque got dazzled by the styles of Paul Cezanne call the dad of â€Å"modern art† (Cezanne, Encarta 2005). Cezanne work of art was something contrary to Fauvism. It reestablished request to the style of the â€Å"wild beasts† of Matisse and Derain.â This when the cubist style was formed.â Braque respected the way Cezanne’s â€Å"distorted forms† drove Braque to immolate that style (http://www.mes.csuhayward.edu/~malek/Braque.html). Cubism resists show simply like Fauvism, however not at all like his initial work everything-scenes, houses, individuals are decreased to geometric cubes.â The hues were insipid and the subjects were apathetic. For example, one of his prior cubist work Little Harbor in Normandy of 1909.  â â â â â â â â â â Cubism can be broken into two types: Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism.â It was then in 1909 when Braque shaped a companionship with Pablo Picasso that together they altered the Cubist development. Logical cubism went on for about two years. From 1911 on engineered cubism became known.â In the two types geometric shapes were utilized, yet now the subject was not so much divided but rather more conspicuous (http://pablo-picasso.paintings.name/). Cubism began from a competition among Picasso and Matisse.â Matisse Blue Painting caused an outrage at the display the Paris craftsmanship appear. This how Matisse and others got the title Les Fauves.â At around a similar time Picasso delivered Desmoiselles and youthful craftsmen that once followed Matisse presently start imitating the style of Picasso including Braque. This enraged Matisse and others to the point of dismissing all of Braque’s work.â Matisse attempted to dishonor Braque’s work by indicating how it was made out of little solid shapes and that this aesthetic style was anything but difficult to replicate.â The term cubism was conceived and shot Braque and Picasso.â It denoted the start of unique craftsmanship, despite the fact that the artistic expression should measurements of the subject being painted. Regardless, cubism owes it creation to remarkable craftsmen (http://pablo-picasso.paintings.name/).  â â â â â â â â â â to start with Picasso’s and Braque’s work managed nonpartisan hues and curbed subjects. Articles were appeared from a 3-dimensional point of view (http://painting.about.com/). An early case of his work is the Violin and the Candlestick spoke to diagnostic cubism.â The stifled hues alongside the geometric shapes are seen. Notwithstanding, one can not called this fine art completely dynamic as the subjects of the artistic creation are as yet obvious and the three dimensional sides are noticeable (http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http). Braque and Picasso worked so intently together that on occasion their work was unclear (http://www.safran-arts.com/42day/workmanship/art4aug/art0831.html#cmc).â â Both he and Picasso started trying different things with composition and would include bits of articles, for example, paper t

Princess Diana (3002 words) Essay Example For Students

Princess Diana (3002 words) Essay Princess DianaPrincess Diana was brought into the world The Honorable Diana Frances Spencer on July 1, 1961. She was the third female kid to Viscount and Viscountess Althorp. Diana had two more seasoned sisters, Sarah and Jane and one more youthful sibling, Charles. Her family was wealthy and Diana had a favored youth. The Spencers brought in their cash as fruitful sheep dealers in the fifteenth century. With their fortune they assembled Althorp House in Northamptonshire and obtained a family peak and aphorism ? ?God safeguard the right? (Morton 10). The Spencers involved different workplaces of State and Court. At the point when Dianas was brought into the world her dad was disillusioned she was a young lady. He was seeking after his third youngsters to at long last be a male beneficiary to carry on the Spencer name. Dianas father and the remainder of the family needed to know why her mom was just delivering young ladies. Along these lines, her mom was sent to a facility for tests (Morton 10). She was just 23 at that point. This is unexpected in light of the fact that today we presently know the sex of the infant is controlled by the dad. Despite the fact that she was too youthful to even think about understanding, Diana accepted she was to be faulted for her dads frustration. At last, a couple of years after the fact her mom conveyed a kid to carry on the Spencer name. In spite of the fact that Diana had a wonderful dedicating at Sandringham Church with wealthy Godparents, her sibling Charless initiating was a significant occasion at Westminster Abbey. The Queen was the central Godparent. The Spencer youngsters were advantaged yet not pretentious. They were educated to acknowledge individuals for what they are and not their situation throughout everyday life. The youngsters never comprehended their titles until they went to class. Every so often one of the royals would make a visit to the Spencer home and on occasion they would play with Princess Margarets children, Princes Andrew and Edward. Diana disliking to go to the Royal home, since it was huge and creepy. Dianas moms family, the Fermoys, were answerable for securing of Park House, Dianas youth home. Ruler George V allowed Dianas granddad Park House which was initially worked for flood visitors from the Royal Sandringham House. It was an open property with an outside pool and a tennis court. (Morton 11). Diana wanted to swim and play tennis at a kid. The Spencers were connected by blood to King Charles II. They are additionally supposed to be connected by blood to seven American Presidents including Franklin D. Roosevelt, and furthermore Humphrey Bogart and hoodlum Al Capone (Morton 11). Dianas guardians separated from when she was six. It was stun to society. Diana accepts the pressure put on her mom to deliver a kid is the point at which the marriage started to separate. The detachment caused an authority fight over the kids. This was exceptionally problematic to the four youngsters. After the fight in court their dad in the long run got guardianship because of his title and respectability. Dianas mother remarried one month after the separation was settled to Peter Shand Kydd. The injury of separation may have been the reason for what prompted Dianas dietary problems of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Dianas most seasoned sister, Sarah, likewise endured a similar dietary issues. These maladies are connected to mother and little girl connections, nervousness and a breaking down family. Dianas guardians would battle unendingly and the youngsters would catch their battles. The four kids were thought about essentially by babysitters. They experienced numerous babysitters in their youth. This prompted a cool relationship with the two guardians and friendship from them was non-existent. The youngsters even ate their suppers with their caretakers. Occasions were spent rearranged between the two guardians. Dianas father covered himself in his work while her mom was just permitted to see them on the ends of the week. Taking all things together, the Spencer youngsters had an entirely unsteady and cold youth. Diana says all she longed for were nestles and kisses. Diana gained since the beginning to put a grin all over when family life at home was irksome. From right off the bat, Diana had a maternal sense. She thought about her sibling, dressing him consistently. After her folks separated, Diana recollects her and her sibling lying alert around evening time in obscurity apprehensive and needing their mom. Like her sisters, Diana was sent to a life experience school. Her folks were the main separated from guardians of her companions, which caused Diane to feel lacking. Diana didnt get passing marks as she wasnt insightful. Nonetheless, she exceeded expectations in swimming in moving. She particularly cherished artful dance and needed to seek after it however her tallness of 5 10 1/2? made her too tall to even think about dancing expertly. At her life experience school, West Heath, she visited the intellectually and genuinely debilitated. This is the place Diana found she had a characteristic inclination for this sort of work. These endeavors gave her a feeling of accomplishment. Dianas granddad, the seventh Earl Spencer passed on when Diana was 14. This made the family get new titles. The young ladies currently became Ladies and Dianas sibling became Viscount Charles. Her dad acquired the 13,000-section of land Althorp House (Morton 28). Dianas father remarried in 1975 to Raine, the Countess of Dartmouth. The youngsters in a split second despised her. She was a boisterous character and the youngsters felt she didnt have the best aims for her dad. After secondary school, Diana went to a completing school in Switzerland. Despite the fact that she cherished skiing, her evaluations were as yet poor and she missed home. She beseeched her folks to send her home. From the start they wouldnt permit it, however after Dianas relentless solicitations that they were squandering their cash by sending her there, they permitted Diana to get back. Diana was glad to be home and make them school behind her. Her most seasoned sisters companions beginning to pay heed to Diana saying she was developing and was enjoyable to be near. Sarah got envious of Diana since she needed to be the spotlight of London. At the point when Diana got back home she implored her folks to lease her a condo. Her folks were stressed on the grounds that she had no secondary school or school instruction and just an obscure thought that she needed to work with youngsters. Since Diana had gotten back home from school without a degree, her folks trusted her to wed soon. This was the standard for young ladies her age to start scanning for an appropriate spouse. Diana was likewise keen on discovering her Prince Charming. For her transitioning present Dianas guardians leased her a loft at Coleherne Court in London (Morton 42). She imparted it to three of her companions. This is the place she lived during her romance to Prince Charles. For work, Diana worked at a kindergarten and furthermore took care of an American oil officials youngsters a couple of days seven days. Diana says these joyful days were the most joyful of her life (Morton, 43). Diana had a couple of beaus at that point, yet none transformed into genu ine connections. Tarrying EssayAs the strain in the marriage developed, Diana centered her vitality outside the home doing AIDS mentoring, work with infection and chronic drug use (Morton 113). She believed she had a characteristic inclination towards this kind of work. She became President or Patron for more than 100 foundations. The Prince and Princess started to live separate lives and people in general was seeing this. They would show up out in the open to keep up a fa?ade of solidarity however in private they had separate rooms (Morton 124). They commonly chose to isolate in December of 1992. Diana inhabited Kensington Palace and Charles lived in Highgrove. In November of 1992 Diana gave a real to life TV meet about her troubled private life inside the Royal framework. She admitted about her infidelity during her marriage and her dietary issues. The Queen was disturbed and felt Diana double-crossed the ruler by this meeting. The Prince and Princess authoritatively separated in August of 1996. The two of them partook in the childhood of their children. Diana was to be alluded to as Diana, Princess of Wales. She was deprived of ?Her Royal Highness? title after the separation got official (British Royal Gov. site). Diana would in any case show up with the Royal family on specific events. She got an expected 17 million settlement (Morton 252). After the separation Diana felt more liberated and furthermore felt she presently had the best of the two universes. She was as yet ready to have a state in her children childhood and had the option to carry on with her life as she needed. This was imperative to her, as she needed her children to see a greater amount of the world than all inclusive schools and royal residences. One of the principal things she did after the separation was fire her protector. She never enjoyed their steady nearness. Diana needed to give her nation she needed to keep doing acts of kindness despite the fact that she was not, at this point wedded to Prince Charles. Diana has over and over said she wishes to be known as the ?Queen of Hearts?. Diana never loved the illustrious customs and she had a skill of having the option to identify with the normal individual in the city. This was a piece of why she was so popular with the whole world. Diana chose after the separation to eliminate her open appearances. She chose to concentrate to five foundations and cut out the rest as she felt her time was being squandered on an excessive number of suppers and insufficient of the real cause work. The foundations that she picked were the Leprosy Mission, Centrepoint (a foundation for the destitute), the National Aids Trust, the Royal Marsden NHS Trust (a malignant growth emergency clinic) and the Ormond Street Childrens Hospital (Morton 253). She additionally kept on committing some an ideal opportunity to the English National Ballet. Diana additionally sold some her dresses and suits worn on commitment and gave the benefits to her different foundations. In the mid year of 1996 Diana met Dodi Fayed, a Hollywood film maker and child of an extremely rich person from Egypt. They began dating and soon their relationship turned genuine. In the year prior to her demise, the Princess was a functioning campaigner for a prohibition on the production and utilization of land mines (British Royal Government site). Actually, this was her last open commitment, which occurred in Bosnia. Diana had the option to met Mother Teresa in New York in the total

Business Idea Journal 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Idea Journal 2 - Essay Example In spite of the fact that knead treatment business has been taken advantage of by numerous magnates inside Canada, there is by all accounts a tremendous market specialty in Halifax. Halifax is a capital metropolitan with a populace of around 400,000. Roughly right around 33% of the entire populace looks for rub treatment benefits all the time. This staggering interest can't be supported by the current back rub parlors in the town. Besides, many would need to visit a back rub parlor that can offer extra types of assistance, for example, barbering administrations. There is, in this way, the need to set up a legitimate back rub parlor that, other than giving the treatments, different administrations, for example, hair style can likewise be advertised. This anticipated back rub treatment parlor will offer two specific administrations; rub treatment and barbering administrations. It will be furnished with machines and mechanical assembly, just as staff had some expertise in this sort of administration conveyance. Having investigated this thought broadly, it has been discovered that men will in general look for rub treatment benefits more than ladies in Halifax particularly in the nighttimes when they get out from work. It is not necessarily the case that ladies and kids don't. This foundation will focus on everybody; any individual who requires rub and barbering administrations. The way that it is joined with a barbershop will draw in and influence clients who likely expected to hair styles into requesting knead treatment. Moreover, the business will be progressively obvious in the market since it would be one of its own that has seen this sort of a blend in Halifax. To connect with the potential customers, web assets will be used. Web based life is one of the numerous gatherings this anticipated business can be advanced. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram among other electronic stages would give openings through which the back rub treatment business

Sisterhood Essay Example For Students

Sisterhood Essay Generally, ladies have been consigned to a constrained job in the public eye. In our maledominated culture, a significant number of individuals see the characteristic job of ladies to be that ofmothers and spouses. Along these lines, for some, ladies are thought to be more appropriate for childbearing andhomemaking than for inclusion in open life. Notwithstanding these far reaching and administering beliefs,women, disappointed and tired of their inadequacy and subjection, started looking for individual andpolitical uniformity, including equivalent compensation, regenerative decision, and opportunity from conventionalMassive restriction to an interest for women’s fairness with men incited theorganization of ladies to battle altogether for their privileges. The origin of American feminismwas Seneca Falls, New York. Here in 1948, at a milestone show, the main rush of women’srights activists assembled. Their essential objective was to acquire casting a ballot rights for lad ies (Moore 1992,21). In the mid 1960’s, the seeds of abuse (which spread from prior common developments) werescattered and planted among other disappointed ladies. These seeds started to flourish, and growdramatically, at first inside the setting of the development of progressively broad and across the board leftradicalism in Western social orders. Thus, starting around 1965, the second flood of women’srights activists started to develop with a self-sufficient motivation for female freedom. Themovement’s objective was to make sure about equivalent monetary, political, and social rights for ladies. The women’s freedom development was made out of a relationship of ladies workingtogether in a typical reason. Youthful radical ladies who had been dynamic in the Civil RightsMovement assembled in little gatherings and started to concentrate on arranging so as to changeattitudes, social builds, the impression of society toward ladies, and, by and large, to raise theThe ladies received the stage â€Å"Sisterhood is Powerful,† with an end goal to communicate concisely the point of the development. This motto was likewise an endeavor to bring together ladies by declaring a sharedconnection and situation, and along these lines to fabricate crucial and enduring union. â€Å"Sisterhoodis powerful† was grasped by the ladies so as to pass on a typical personality of sisterhood,one immovably grounded in family-based ideas of association. Natural sisterhood is aneasily comprehended relationship inside the family unit. As indicated by social character hypothesis, one approach to characterize a â€Å"in-group† is to characterize anâ€Å"out-group† (Hinkle and Brown 1990, 48). The freedom development endeavored to characterize femalesas the â€Å"in-group† and guys as the â€Å"out-group,† with the two gatherings particularly and sharplyseparated.The energizing cry â€Å"Sisterhood is Powerful† was essent ially intended to harden theidentity of the â€Å"in-group.† However, actually, it is simpler to characterize racial gatherings than it is todefine sexual orientation bunches as independent divisions, since dark individuals and white individuals are generallygeographically and socially isolated from one another, white people are definitely not. So as to join ladies effectively into the development, it was fundamental to broadenand grow the significance of sisterhood to that of a typical security between ladies. Consolidatedby sisterhood, by a typical association of sexual orientation, heterogeneous ladies were normal todevelop a faithfulness and regular reason. Despite the fact that the ladies working inside the movementwere for the most part white and working class (Tax, 319), the motto â€Å"Sisterhood is Powerful† was directedat all ladies wedded and single, youthful, moderately aged, and old, moms and little girls, of everyrace and religion, rich, poor, utilized, jobless, ladies on government assistance, and those with differentcultures and sexual directions (DuPlessis and Snitow, 15). The target of the motto was tofoster a typical character for the multifaceted gathering of ladies who were focused on (or mightbe focused on) women’s freedom. Strengthening for ladies was viewed as both possibleand feasible just inside the setting of this sort of normal character. Thusly, by organizingcollectively these ladies would gain ability to turn into a power with which to be figured. Similarly significant, as a strong gathering, the ladies would be hard to separate and smother. As indicated by the belief system of women’s freedom, the solidarity of those joined in sisterhoodguaranteed the capacity, yet additionally the methods required to acquire their objective of equaleconomic, political, and social rights for ladies. In the United States, where a man centric culture commands, a confined lady lackspersonal and political force and conveys pretty much nothing, assuming any, impact. To be sure, most of females inthe women’s freedom development unmistakably comprehended from before encounters that the solitaryvoice of a lady would be treated by men as irrelevant, and would along these lines have

Important Critically Lens Essay Topics

Important Critically Lens Essay TopicsCritical lens essay topics are often chosen to be different from the conventional essays. When choosing a critical lens essay topic, it is important to consider several factors. You want to choose a topic that is not only different but also easy to read and understand. You also want to avoid choosing a topic that is complex or controversial.There are many reasons why people choose critical lens essay topics. Some do so for academic reasons, while others choose the topic because it is just fun to write about. In either case, the best thing to do is research the topic to ensure you have researched enough.By doing research on critical lens essay topics, you will be able to narrow down your choices. After all, the essay is your chance to shine. With your essay, you can establish yourself as an expert in your field. By writing this type of essay, you can create an image for yourself and showcase your work. It gives you the opportunity to gain recognit ion and gain the attention of employers.Also, with this type of essay, you can show the readers exactly what you are made of. They should know you have the necessary skills to make it in the industry. These skills include being creative, presenting ideas in a unique way, and staying focused. All of these skills contribute to the success of the individual.To ensure that your essay is successful, it must be written in an interesting way. You need to keep the readers attention on the text. If they are not interested in the content, they will move on. However, if they are captivated by the content, they will read on and benefit from your insights.The reader needs to be able to use your essay to become educated. They must be able to apply the knowledge in their professional life. If they are educated and use this knowledge properly, their life will be better. This education will pay off in the long run.For example, if you research an essay on law and help someone to understand the import ance of the law, you have created a valuable addition to their life. They will be educated on the law and will make a positive difference in their life. It's a win-win situation. You are helping them, and they are benefiting from your knowledge. It is a win-win situation.With critical lens essay topics, you have the ability to do great things in your career. You want to use the potential of this opportunity, to gain respect from employers, while creating a meaningful life for yourself.

Analysis of trauma studies (Research Paper) - 4400 Words

Analysis of trauma studies (Research Paper Sample) Content: Trauma StudiesStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourseInstructorDateTrauma StudiesPart 1 KinematicsQ1. Safety devices in motor vehicles have been proven to save lives. Explain how they prevent /limit injuries, and provide evidence of the effect?ÂAccording to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, in 2010, there were 1,248 fatal road accidents in Australia, claiming the lives of 1,367 people CITATION ABS24 \l 1033 (ABS, 2012). This means that there are 1,367 lives that could have been saved if appropriate measures had been put in place to prevent the loss of life during motor vehicle accidents. What are the safety devices used to save lives in traffic accidents and how do they save lives?The first and perhaps most important safety device in a vehicle is the safety belt. Safety belts are basically straps that hold a passenger or driver in the car seat. Safety belts are designed differently for people of different weights and sizes. For instance, safety belts for kids are differ ent from similar belts used by adults. It is henceforth important that people ensure that the right safety belts are installed in their cars. How do safety belts save lives? In an article aptly titled Seat Belts: How They Save Lives, Orenstein (2009) explains that safety belts provide a 5-way protection to users. The first of the five protective ways of safety belts is that they keep the occupants inside the vehicle. People who get thrown out of a vehicle during an accident are four times likely to die opposed to those inside. Secondly, safety belts restrain the stronger parts of the body, preventing hurting. Third, safety belts protect users by spreading any force from the collision and hence minimize injury. Safety belts also protect individuals by slowing down the body, and enabling the body to absorb the change in speed without moving violently. Finally, safety belts protect individuals by holding the body in a position in which the brain and spinal cord is protected CITATION B et09 \l 1033 (Orenstein, 2009).The second important safety device used in vehicles is the airbag. Innovation has greatly influenced the use of airbags and they can now be placed in strategic parts of a vehicle in order to prevent injuries to people during an accident. For instance, Ford has inflatable safety belts, which can function as airbags CITATION Uni132 \l 1033 (United States Automobile Association, 2013). An airbag system is composed of crash sensors, air bag modules with ready inflators, and a diagnostic module that has a readiness indicator CITATION Wal13 \l 1033 (Walters Forensic Engineering, 2013). Air bags depend on the crash detection system to be launched. When an accident occurs and the crash is detected, the air bags inflate immediately. Airbags are deployed in less than a second when an accident occurs, and save the life of vehicle occupants by preventing them from hitting the steering wheel, the dashboard, the windshield and other parts of the car that a person may be thrown to hit. Airbags are not a substitute for safety belts and should be used with them CITATION CDC13 \l 1033 (CDC, 2013). Other means that can be used to save lives in accidents are not safety devices per se, but are measures that can reduce the risk of accidents e.g. rearview cameras, impact warning signs etc.ReferencesABS. (2012, May 24). Year Book Australia: Transport: Accidents,. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from Australian Bureau of Statistics website: /ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Accidents,%20injuries%20and%20fatalities~189CDC. (2013). Save Lives, Save Dollars: Prevent Motor Vehicleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Related Injuries. Retrieved december 12, 2013, from CDC: /injury/pdfs/cost-MV-a.pdfOrenstein, B. W. (2009, May 20). Seat Belts: How They Save Lives. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from Every Day Health: /healthy-living/wearing-your-seat-belt.aspxUnited States Automobile Association. (2013). 10 Car Safety Features That Could Save Your Life. R etrieved December 12, 2013, from United States Automobile Association: /inet/pages/advice-auto-safetyfeatures?akredirect=trueWalters Forensic Engineering. (2013). Air Bags Save Lives. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from Walters Forensic Engineering: /articles/accident_reconstruction/vol2-no2.htm.Head TraumaQ2. Explain how measures taken in the pre-hospital environment can prevent or limit raised intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injuries. Support with evidence.Q2. Explain how measures taken in the pre-hospital environment can prevent or limit raised intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injuries. Support with evidence.Traumatic brain injury is the sudden damage suffered by the brain when the head is subjected to a sudden hard blow or a jolt CITATION Nob13 \l 1033 (Andaluz, 2013). Traumatic brain injury occurs in vehicle and motorcycle crashes, in sports injuries, in assaults, falls or any types of blows to the head. In an accident that causes TBI, the head is impacted by a blunt object on one side, making the brain to crash against inside of the skull. The brain is a soft tissue, and when it crashes against the skull, it bruises and bleeds. Intracranial hemorrhage or inflammation caused by TBI increase intracranial pressure. Other causes of increased intracranial pressure after TBI include intracranial hematomas, cerebral ischemia, and cerebral edema CITATION Kee05 \l 1033 (Keefe LeFlore, 2005). TBI is the leading cause of death in individuals between 1 and 44 years of age.The pre-hospital care of a patient with TBI is very important, if not the most important phase of treatment. Emergency response to a TBI patient is aimed mainly preventing greater harm or injury, making the patient safe, and preventing elevation of intracranial pressure. In the pre-hospital care of a patient with Traumatic brain injury, it is important that the head and neck movement be minimized or avoided in totality. This is vital because any movement of the neck or head may in crease intracranial hemorrhage and henceforth increase intracranial pressure. Movement of the head and neck after traumatic brain injury can also worsen the injury to the head and brain CITATION Mar04 \l 1033 (Henry Stapleton, 2004).Pre-hospital care of patients with traumatic head injuries in efforts to limit elevation of intracranial pressure should involve hyperventilation of the patient by placing him or her in recovery position and checking for airway obstruction CITATION The13 \l 1033 (The State Government of Victoria, 2013). One of the causes of raised intracranial pressure is ischemia and hypoxia due to poor ventilation, especially in comatose and unconscious patients. Poor ventilation raises intracranial pressure because carbon dioxide, which is concentrated in tissues with poor ventilation, is a vasodilator. Hyperventilation, or supply of oxygen significantly reduces the diameters of cerebral arterioles, hence decreases intracranial pressure.Lastly, intracranial pressur e can be lowered or prevented from rising in TBI patients through the administration of mannitol or hypertonic saline. Mannitol can be administered through infusion or through a bolus. Mannitol increases the osmotic gradient between the blood and the brain, and hence water is drawn from the edematous brain to the vascular system, reducing intracranial pressure significantly. Hypertonic saline, at a concentration of about 7.5% to 23% is effective in lowering intracranial pressure. This is because hypertonic saline has anti-inflammatory changes and increases the osmotic and hemodynamic pressure, resulting to leaking of water into the vascular system CITATION Shi08 \l 1033 (Stivert Manley, 2008).In conclusion, the measures that can be used to limit intracranial pressure due to traumatic head injury include, first, the stabilization of the patient without movement of the head or neck. This is important because it prevents further injury to the head and prevents further increase in int racranial pressure due to traumatic brain injury. Hyperventilation, mannitol administration, and administration of hypertonic saline are also effective in reducing intracranial pressure.ReferencesAndaluz, N. (2013, February). Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Retrieved December 12, 2013, from The May Field Clinic: /PE-TBI.htmHenry, M. C., Stapleton, E. R. (2004). EMT Prehospital Care, 3rd Ed. New York, NY: Mosby/Jems.Keefe, K., LeFlore, J. (2005). Management of Increased Intracranial Pressure in the Criticall Ill Child With an Acute Neurological Injury. AACN Advanced Critical Care, Vol. 16, No. 2, 212-231.The State Government of Victoria. (2013, September 24). Head Injuries- First Aid. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from The State Government of Victoria: /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Head_injuries_first_aidStivert, S., Manley, G. (2008). Prejhospital Management of Traumaric Brain Injury. Neurosurgical Focus, Vol. 25, No. 4, E5.Spinal TraumaQ3. Explain how you would treat a patient with neurogenic shock relating your treatment to the pathological process of this type of shock.Neurogenic shock is a kind of distributive shock that occurs after injury to the spinal cord, especially an injury caused by blunt trauma. Neurogenic shock mainly results to an unopposed vagal tone i.e. there is loss of the sympathetic tone which initiates shock response and a decrease in tissue perfusion CITATION Eli13 \l 1033 (Mack, 2013). The most affected region in neurogenic shock is the cervical region of the vertebra, then the thoracolumbar junction comes second, the thoracic region third, and finally the lumbar region. It is important to differentiate neurogenic shock from spinal shock, which involves a temporary loss of the spinal reflex activity CITATION Eme09 \l 1033 (Emergency Medicine, 2009).Neurogenic shock is mainly manifested by the triad of bradycardi...

Essay on The Georges Hotel - 2818 Words

THE GEORGES HOTEL The Hotel ââ€"   163 guest rooms, 65-70 employees. ââ€"   Front desk: 10 employees. ââ€"   Valet parking services: 8 employees. ââ€"   Housekeeping: 28 employees. ââ€"   Engineering and facilities maintenance: 4 employees. ââ€"   Management and administrative: 15-20 additional staff members assigned to departments throughout the hotel, including management, office support and sales. The Garden Terrace Restaurant ââ€"   Approximately 35 employees. ââ€"   The restaurant is open daily from 5:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. ââ€"   In addition to restaurant dining, the restaurant provides 24-hour room service and full catering services for meetings, conventions and other hotel events.  © 2013 Society for Human Resource Management. Myrna L. Gusdorf, MBA, SPHR 1†¦show more content†¦Cindy has no interest in golf, hates the hot climate of Palm Springs and greatly prefers her work at the hotel. Cindy is the director of human resources. She has been a working member of the management team since the brothers bought the run-down hotel and renovated it to create the Georges. Although Cindy had no management or HR experience before her work at the Georges, she is a natural leader. She is personable, well respected by the staff and is an asset to Jeff in the day-to-day management of the hotel. In many ways, it’s the perfect situation for all three Mitchells. Cindy loves her work, and her management role enables Chad to shun the office and remain nearly guilt-free while jetting from one golf course to another, and Jeff is not burdened by Chad’s disinterest in the hotel. Instead, he has an excellent partner in Cindy, with whom he often consults on difficult decisions. The next generation of Mitchells is already being groomed to take over when the time comes. Jeff’s daughter, Julie, is nearly finished with an MBA program. She will start in sales and marketing after graduation and then move on to gain experience in operations and general management. Jeff wants her to have a solid background in all aspects of managing the hotel so she is fully prepared to assume the responsibilities of CEOShow MoreRelatedHotel Rwanda By Terry George975 Words   |  4 PagesPossibly the saddest and most tragic event that occurred in the last few decades was the genocide of the Tutsi population in Rwanda by the Hutu led government and Hutu people of the same country. Hotel Rwanda by Terry George is a film adaption of the experiences of a Tutsi hotel manager Paul Rusesabagina who sheltered and kept safe several thousand Hutu refugees during the genocide. 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Four Seasons generally operates, but does not own, mid-sized luxury hotels and resorts. By 2002, they indisputably became the world s leading operator of luxury hotels, managing 53 properties inRead MoreSheraton1244 Words   |  5 Pagesin about a week,† said Georges Villedary, directeur general of the Le Centre Sheraton, Montreal, as he p ut down the phone and looked pensively at the letter before him. The letter, dated March 15, 1994, was from Alitalia requesting a one-year contract for 40 room at $42 per night. In addition, the hotel would have to provide a crew allowance of $25,000 per day. Bills are to be paid within seven days of receipt of statement on a weekly basis. The problem facing Georges was a simple one: does heRead Morehotel rwanda966 Words   |  4 Pagesrampage that swept through Rwanda, Africa in 1994. Hotel Rwanda, a film directed by Terry George in 2004, is a story based on the tragedy that occurred ten years prior. 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Integrating Technology Within The Classroom - 928 Words

Literature Review In the last few decades, there has been a push for integrating technology within the classroom. Technologies has become commonly associated with the activities of everyday life, as a result, there has been increased pressure to include technology in classrooms, kindergarten through twelfth grade since the 1980s. (page #?Grant et al., 2015). This technology push has only increased since the last century; educators are no longer responsible for teaching the ‘traditional’ reading, writing, and arithmetic pedagogy of the past. In respect, students are no longer viewed in the same ‘blank slates,’ but as collaborators in their learning. This collaboration is effective in preparing students for the job market of the future, in which these technologies will be ever present and constantly changing. In the 21st century, teachers and students have access to a constantly evolving series of technologies which has facilitated a continued interest in how to use these types of technology in educational environments. Through the incorporation of educational technology models and theories, the practitioner’s focus is specifically on how technology can be used to improve student performance through processes, procedures, and tools. Processes and procedures may comprise any task or intervention involving anything from a simple instructional strategy to a complex instructional system. (Wade et al., 2013). However, successful integration of technology will only occur whenShow MoreRelatedIntegrating Instructional Technology Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrating Instructional Technology Rationale The intention of the Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan is to enhance the use of technology in the classroom to improve the education that students receive in their learning and communicating. The detail found within the Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan will describe the ability of the teacher to use technology in an effective manner within the classroom while providing a safe, secure, and educational environment for students to learnRead MoreChromebook Research Paper1330 Words   |  6 PagesK-12. The IT department has recently created Google Classrooms for all the teachers in the district to help with creating a more 21st century learning environment for students. However, the district is lacking in professional development around technology integration. This training TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION OF GOOGLE CLASSROOM FOR EDUCATORS 8 will focus on using the most effective theories of adult learning, motivation, and technology integration currently available. Methods For thisRead MoreEssay on Information and Communication Technology and Education533 Words   |  3 PagesThere is a dramatic increase of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) that integrates with education. All possible types of (ICT) such as; smart mobile phones, computers, are starting to replace a textbook in school and university with an online e-book. These types of technology integrated into a classroom can be a great tool to empower students to get a wide range of knowledge. Using technology in the classroom is affected in positive and negative ways. Moreover, people are divided intoRead MoreThe Negative Uses Of Technology In Academic Education : The Study977 Words   |  4 Pages† With such results, one could argue that the usage of technology can be positive for both teachers and students. However, research also suggests that uses of specific technology can negatively impact the learning of students. With the inclusion of technology within the classroom, there can be a negative side resulting from inappropriate or overuse of technology. Such usage can result in the reasoning to restrict technological use within the school system. â€Å"To thrive in a digital world, studentsRead MoreHow Technology Can Be Essential For The Success Of Students857 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding technology and how to deliver it to students is essential for the success of students. When used correctly, technology has the ability to prepare of students for the future. Also, technology works to prepare of students for real work environments. Through integrating technology within a classroom setting, educators are able to keep students engaged in learning (Wainwright, 2016). In my classroom, I rely largely on the internet and technology in order to connect with and educate studentsRead MoreGrade Students Understand Life Cycles823 Words   |  4 PagesAs a future educator being able to integrate various subjects within other subjects allows for enrichment of materials and experiences within the classroom. Science is one of those subjects that can work with other subjects. Science and literacy can work together in the classroom i n a variety of ways. The components of literacy can be used to help enhance learning. Integrating literacy into science when learning about life cycles includes writing and reading about life cycles. Research questionRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Technology Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagesother hand, this total inclusion of and reliance on technology in the classroom has seemingly led students to become dependent on it. For example, when reviewing various writing assignments, Ms. I found that a vast majority of her students neglected to capitalize the word â€Å"I.† When asking her students about it, they stated that Microsoft Word often corrects their mistake so they grew accustomed to not having to worry about it since the technology they used always corrected it for them. However, GoogleRead MoreClassroom Is Not The Classroom Of Yesterday1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe classroom of today is not the classroom of yesterday. We are accountable so much more to the learning needs of our students. The use of technology in the classroom is changing the way in which we teach our students. We have a responsibility to prepare students for the demands of an ever-changing world, through facilitating learning in a technology rich environment, where students and teachers don’t just learn about technology, they use it to achieve powerful learning and teaching and improveRead MoreThe Fair Street Ib World School Vision835 Words   |  4 Pagesvision of technology is to support our culture of thinking critically, acting compassionately, working meaningfully, choosing wisely, and living joyfully by providing access to technology that empower and educate students. Our vision is to inspire, nurture, challenge, and prepare our students to maximize technology to positively impact student achievement as we educate them to be successful in a 21st century global society. All members of the school community will utilize technology to streamlineRead MoreIntegrating Instructional Technology Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: INTEGRATING INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY Integrating Instructional Technology Jimmy L. Burnett, Jr. Grand Canyon University: EDU 225 Instructional Technology July 22, 2012 Technology of the past 20 years has become a focal point of teaching and learning. As a teacher, it is my job to facilitate the learning for an individual by creating an environment that not only conducive for learning, but also places the child in a position to discover

The Psychological Problem Of Death And Dying - 1273 Words

During the all eras of human existence, doctors, thinkers, writers, artists, all of humanity as a whole and each individual thinks and reflects on the problem of death, trying to resolve the issues associated with its mysteries. Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Kà ¼bler-Ross, Freud, Jung, Adler, devoted the works to studying of a problem of the death. The problem of the man’s relation to death continues being the source of fair in modern society too, and people prefer not to speak about it. Therefore, in our world, most people die unprepared for this, of course, important events. In this regard, the actual problem of modern science, is the psychological problem of death and dying. The science of dying and death is called thanatology, thanatos – death, logos – science. However, besides of the keen interest of researchers to the problems of death, although the works of many leading foreign psychiatrists and therapists on this subject have b ecome classics as the Freud, Jung, and others. Psychological meaning that a person invests in the concept of death is various and caused. On the one hand, his involvement in the fatal events, and on the other, what does death is to him personally. Impersonal death, or death – as abstract concept. Daily the person faces it, listening, reading and seeing in mass media of the report on terrorism, accidents, and wars. Every day people face impersonal death. People face it by listening, reading and seeing in mass mediaShow MoreRelatedOn Death And Dying By Elisabeth Kubler Ross1445 Words   |  6 Pagesimpacting on an individual life, or reflecting as good and bad practice. 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Analysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince

The fifteenth century was a period known as the Renaissance, or the new birth, of many philosophers. One well-known Renaissance thinker, Niccolo Machiavelli, was one of those philosophers whose political views caused an uproar during earlier centuries. His view on effective leadership was rather harsh and not exactly adopted in the Italian society. As a Renaissance citizen, Machiavelli proved his writing skills through a number of works such as short stories, plays, and histories. His more popular works included those call the Discourses on Livy and The Prince-which will be described further more in this paper. Unlike fellow notable Renaissance men such as Leonardo de Vinci or Michelango, Machiavelli was not an artist but through his work The Prince, he has been made well-known across the western lands. This piece of work, for which Machiavelli is famous, or infamous for writing, explains in detail what a prince(name for the leader of a state) needs to do for successful leadership of his land. It is his debatable theories scripted in this work that some contribute to him the title of the first modern day philosopher of political science. Born on May 3, 1469 in Florence, Italy, Niccolo Machiavelli was brought up in a middle class family. His mother was a religious poet, and his father was a lawyer who did not profit much wealth from his career. Since his family did not have much wealth, Machiavelli was home-schooled throughout his youth. Not much is known about the very earlyShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince 941 Words   |  4 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli and Karl Marx developed theories concerning wealth and poverty in our society, as well as different types of governments. For instance, Machiavelli supported a capitalist economic system, unlike Marx, who embraced socialism in the society. Machiavelli wrote a book The Prince that explained how to be an effective leader. The theme of the book is the end justifies the means. A person could or should do whatever is necessary to achieve the desired goal. According to MachiavelliRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1719 Words   |  7 Pa gesMachiavelli’s, The Prince, a book written by Niccolà ² Machiavelli, is a read that most people wouldn’t prefer to read as a first option but in defense to Niccolo, it brings out many themes such as Goodwill and Hatred, Free will, and Human Nature. â€Å"It is known from his personal correspondence that The Prince was written during 1513, the year after the Medici took control of Florence, and a few months after Machiavelli s arrest, torture, and banishment by the Medici regime† (Bio.com). The novel wasRead MoreEssay on Machiavellis The Prince: Politics, War, and Human Nature1334 Words   |  6 PagesMachiavellis The Prince: Politics, War, and Human Nature [I]t is necessary for a prince to know well how to use the beast and the man. (Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 69[1]). In this swift blow, Niccolà ² Machiavelli seems to strike down many visions of morality put up on pedestals by thinkers before his time. He doesnt turn to God or to some sort of common good for his political morality. Instead, he turns to the individual?more specifically, self-preservation in a position ofRead MoreMachiavelli Essay1825 Words   |  8 PagesMachiavelli I would rather be in hell and converse with great minds than live in paradise with that dull rabble. In his lifes writings, Niccolo Machiavelli, sought out the strength of the human character, and wrote according to his own rules; trying to better the political philosophy of his time. Machiavelli, a fiercely independent Renaissance man, advocated the prosperity of Italian politics, and wanted Italy to rise above the rest of the world. Machiavellis writings dealt with manyRead MoreEvaluating Historical Views Of Leadership Paper LDR1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe commonalities and disparities among a group of influential leaders, such as Thomas Carlyle, Mohandas Gandhi, Niccolo Machiavelli and W.E.B Du Bois. Carlyle (1795-1881), a Scottish historian emphasized the importance of heroism that required men to be subordinated to the commander of men (Wren, 1995 p.53). Further analysis of the evaluation revealed theories of Gandhi and Machiavelli which produced evidence of conflicting viewpoints on the topic of violence among historical leaders throughout theRead MoreObama the Machiavellian3366 Words   |  14 PagesResearch Assignment May 8, 2012 Is Obama a Prince? In the year 1531 the famous political philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli’s wrote a treatise entitled The Prince. It explains the proper guidelines for a prince to successfully lead a republic. Although this sixteenth century politician’s main purpose was to unite a separate Italy, his political theories have been taken into deep consideration and are commonly exercised in politics today. If Machiavelli were alive today he would agree that qualitiesRead MoreThe Origin Of Modern Political Thought1935 Words   |  8 Pagesthis is false. The origin of modern political thought was, in fact, introduced to the world during the time of the renaissance. In the Italian city of Florence lived the political philosopher Niccolà ² Machiavelli, who is the man responsible for shaping the view of modern political thought. Noccolà ² Machiavelli was born May 3, 1469 in the Tuscan town of Florence. Florence was a major town in the Tuscan areas during the 12th century. By the time the renaissance came around during the 13th century, FlorenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1633 Words   |  7 Pagesclaim and experiences are very relatable today because as long as there are fathers and mothers and families, there are going to be those that re-live the past and create memories that last their families a lifetime, or perhaps even longer.    Process Analysis: Joan Didion, On Keeping a Notebook   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the selection On Keeping a Notebook, Joan Didion uses her experiences in day to day life as a writer in order to demonstrate the importance/methods of keeping a daily notebook. 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The men and women on the following pages are individuals of extraordinary distinction, but how do they stack up against the legends of the past? Although there are some timeless, universal qualities known as

How to Stop Worrying and Start Living Free Essays

Introduction How do you deal with your worries? Do you have any ways to solve your problems? We are not taught them neither at school nor on the job. We are supposed to find and figure out them by ourselves. Today I’d like to talk about: first, how serious damages we get from worries. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Stop Worrying and Start Living or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second, the solution for those of you who suffer from worries, and finally, how much benefit you can get with my suggestion. Need step As you know, worries mean nothing other than harms. For example, worries cause stresses and diseases. It is said if we could remove worries, 70% of sick people would completely recover from the disease. And the most significant factor of suicides is also â€Å"worries†. Human relationships, work environments†¦, there are lots of worries. I think everybody lives with certain worries more or less. Satisfaction Step But don’t worry. I have a solution. I have a book called â€Å"How to Stop Worrying and Start Living†, by Dale Carnegie. Although it was written over 30 years ago, what he said hasn’t been out of date at all. Over 80% of reviewers rate this book on 5 star on Amazon. com. Visualization Step I can assure you that you’d enjoy the feeling that your worries are gone away as you read through this book. And it is also famous as a problem solving handbook for business persons. From only one book, you can learn not only the ways to deal with your worries, but also the useful methods of problem-solving. How amazing!! This is the reason why successful business persons around the world read this book continuously. Closing Now, I’d like to ask you, would you like to live a life with worries or without worries? If you choose a worry-free life, what are you waiting for? From the moment you start reading â€Å"How to Stop Worrying and Start Living†, you can â€Å"stop worrying and start living†. Thank you. How to cite How to Stop Worrying and Start Living, Papers

Effects of Culture free essay sample

Culture is something essential in everyones life. It is not something that can be only taught, but also experienced. Culture reflects a persons attitude and behavior; it has an effect on every part of your life. With culture comes customs, morals, and beliefs. Culture is what makes you unique. In Chicana Artists: Exploring Nepantla, el Lugar de la Frontera, Gloria Anzaldua explains how much of in impact their culture inspire the way they express themselves through their artwork. Gloria Anzaldua tells why her culture is so significant in her art, and why it could be in yours also. Although, the Chicana artists are heavily influenced by their culture, my art is influenced by my church environment which involves God, family, and music. Growing up, I was taught to put God first in everything I do. I was born and raised in a church that praised and longed for God. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is our custom to come together every sabbath (seventh day of the week) for worship. I believe this is a reflection of what I have learned and seen about my African heritage and now I experience it today. In some African cultures they use dance as a form of praise and offering. They used specific instruments that they believed draw the presence of their god. The drum was one of the most significant instruments during this experience. The beat of the drum symbolized the heart of the people. Different tribes and villages would gather around to be apart of this spiritual experience. They would sing songs that told stories and/or sent messages. This ritual still exist today! Our songs now send messages and tells stories of our victory in God. We sing songs to encourage one another and to uplift spirits. My artwork is expressive. I like to use some sort of color in whatever I make. The colors that I use has to have meaning to what I am creating. My work always has movement and freedom because I believe it brings life to each piece. I like my artwork to be well organized and clean, because it is easy to read and understand.

Journey Through the Waves an Analysis of the Poem Fisherman by Kurt Brown free essay sample

Analysis of a potery metaphor Journey through the Waves : An Analysis of the Poem Fisherman by Kurt Brown [Thesis Statement] The poem Fisherman by Kurt Brown is a figurative writing of one person s journey towards self discovery and self acceptance . Also , it is an optimistic poem that speaks of hope and persistence . Here , metaphorical phrases are used to convey the thoughts and emotions of the writer . In addition , the chosen metaphors are meant to guide through the emotions and to give the readers a feel of the all the hope , pain , confusion , and persistence of the poetry s writer In this poem , life is compared to the act of fishing . The journey that a person makes is represented by the fisherman s daily work . In the same way that a fisherman hopes to catch a big fish everytime he goes out into the sea , the poem represents a person s hope to find something great within him . We will write a custom essay sample on Journey Through the Waves : an Analysis of the Poem Fisherman by Kurt Brown or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover , the poem hints of the many things that keep the fisherman from having a good catch . The competition with other fisherman , locating something in the wrong place , and the storm that may come unexpected are some of the things that keep the fisherman from catching the big fish in the sea The overall message of the poetry conveys a sense of optimism . However just like in other good poems , the lines are able to communicate their own emotions . More importantly , their thoughts add up to transcend the writing into a poetry that speaks of life and the everyday journey of each person The poem is opened up by the line A man spends his whole life fishing in himself for something grand (Brown . This first line suggests that life is a continuous journey of self discovery . The term fishing is used here to represent the writer s act of trying to find something big and useful within . Just like in fishing , a man prepares his bait , waits patiently and all throughout , hopes to catch a big fish . In this case the fish to be caught represents the achievements that a person hopes to attain . Also , the line implies that the person knows that he has the potential to be big and to do something grand and thus , he lives his life in such a way that he will be able to deliver his grandness the moment he finds it In the line , It s like some lost lunker , big enough to break all records , the writer Brown portrays the hope to achieve something that will surpass the achievements of other people is represented . Here , the person s optimism is portrayed as he wishes to be better that the rest and to be the best that he can be . Also , the term lost lunker suggests that the person is not solitary in searching for the big fish but rather , he is just one of the many who are all hoping to find greatness and big achievements Brown begins to introduce doubts in the lines , He s only..

Evaluating Essay Topics - Use Online Tools to Get Ideas From Essay Writers

Evaluating Essay Topics - Use Online Tools to Get Ideas From Essay WritersOne of the best things you can do for your school essay is to look at different essay topics, which are likely to be used in college essays. The use of an essay topic guide may seem excessive, but it can also be one of the best resources that will help you find and select the best essay topics that will address the important aspects of your essay. It is the essay content that determines the success of your essay, so you will want to know the right questions that you will ask when you are writing your essay.Once you have decided on a topic to write about, you need to choose essay topics that you can talk about in your essay. Some topics that are popular include politics, religion, and other life experiences. Each one has its own positives and negatives, but the main concern is that you can talk about these topics in your essay. If you plan to do so, you will want to go out and find the best essays to review.Ther e are several online tools that will help you evaluate essay topics, and they can help you narrow down the list. These tools are easy to use, and they are a great way to find topics that are the most appropriate to your essay.Evaluating essay topics is not just limited to what is said in the essay. When you evaluate essay topics, you must analyze the essay content itself. With this tool, you can see if there are any factual errors in the essay.You will also want to check if there are any factual errors in the essays. Using the functions of the software, you can check for the uses of the different words in the content. This will help you determine whether or not you are saying the right things or writing in the correct manner.Evaluating essay topics is all about finding out if you are being honest. If you don't write properly and take facts that are found in the essay personally, then you will not be able to present the information to the reader effectively. These tools will help you to determine if you are being truthful, as well as if you are not, which can help you work towards repairing the problems.In addition to using the tool to examine the subject matter of the essay, you will want to review the essays written by others in order to get ideas from other writers. The use of this tool can help you to learn from the mistakes of others, as well as how you can better approach writing your own essay.

Ancient Persia and the Persian Empire

Ancient Persia and the Persian Empire The Ancient Persians (modern Iran) are more familiar to us than the other empire builders of Mesopotamia or the Ancient Near East, the  Sumerians,  Babylonians, and  Assyrians, not only because the Persians were more recent, but because they were amply described by the Greeks. Just as one man, Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great), ultimately wore the Persians down quickly (in about three years), so the Persian Empire rose to power quickly under the leadership of  Cyrus the Great. The extent of Persia varied, but at its height, it extended southwards to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean; to the east and northeast, the Indus and Oxus rivers; to the north, the Caspian Sea and Mt. Caucasus; and to the west, the Euphrates River. This territory includes desert, mountains, valleys, and pastures. At the time of the ancient Persian Wars, the Ionian Greeks and Egypt were under Persian dominion. Western Cultural Identity and the Persian Army We in the West are accustomed to seeing the Persians as the them to a Greek us. There was no Athenian-style democracy for the Persians, but an absolute monarchy that denied the individual, common man his say in political life. The most important part of the Persian army was a seemingly fearless elite fighting group of 10,000, known as The Immortals because when one was killed another would be promoted to take his place. Since all men were eligible for combat until age 50, manpower was not an obstacle, although to ensure loyalty, the original members of this immortal fighting machine were Persians or Medes. Cyrus the Great Cyrus the Great, a religious man and adherent of Zoroastrianism, first came to power in Iran by overcoming his in-laws, the Medes (c. 550 B.C.)- the conquest made easy by many defectors, becoming the first ruler of the Achaemenid Empire (the first of the Persian Empires). Cyrus then made peace with the Medes and cemented the alliance by creating not just Persian, but Median sub-kings with the Persian title khshathrapavan (known as satraps) to rule the provinces. He also respected area religions. Cyrus conquered the Lydians, the Greek colonies on the Aegean coast, the Parthians, and Hyrcanians. He conquered Phrygia on the south shore of the Black Sea. Cyrus set up a fortified border along the Jaxartes River in the Steppes, and in 540 B.C., he conquered the Babylonian Empire. He established his capital in a cold area, Pasargadae (the Greeks called it Persepolis), contrary to the wishes of the Persian aristocracy. He was killed in battle in 530. The successors of Cyrus conquered Egypt, Thrace, Macedonia, and spread the Persian Empire east to the Indus River. Seleucids, Parthians, and Sassanids Alexander the Great put an end to the Achaemenid rulers of Persia. His successors ruled the area as the Seleucids, intermarrying with native populations and covering a large, fretful area that soon broke up into divisions. The Parthians gradually emerged as the next major Persian power ruling in the area. The Sassanids or Sassanians overcame the Parthians after a few hundred years and ruled with almost constant trouble on their eastern borders as well as to the west, where the Romans contested the territory sometimes through to the fertile area of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) until the Muslim Arabs conquered the area.

Hyphenation in Compound Nouns

Hyphenation in Compound Nouns Hyphenation in Compound Nouns Hyphenation in Compound Nouns By Mark Nichol I was reading the jacket copy for Garner’s Modern American Usage, the successor to the similarly titled classic reference work by H.W. Fowler, when I found what I felt to be an ironic instance: an error. The book’s description refers to its attention to â€Å"questions . . . of word-choice.† Whenever I see hyphenated compound nouns such as this, I feel as if I’m being whisked in a time machine to a bygone era in which hyphenation of word pairs was rampant: to-day, co-operate, tea-cup, and so on. Why on earth, I thought, did the copywriter think that word-choice merits hyphenation? Continuing to read the copy, I stumbled once again, while reading a reference to â€Å"language-lovers of all persuasions.† By this time, I thought it unfortunate that a book that purports (with eminent justification) to be a trusted authority on proper usage should have two superfluous hyphens in the jacket copy. Authors are usually given the opportunity to proof their books, and occasionally have a chance to weigh in on the cover art, but rarely, if ever, do they get to see jacket copy before publication. I wondered whether Garner had noticed these errors when he received his first copy. Minutes later, I was reading an entry, and I noticed the second error repeated therein: â€Å"The word denotes a well-informed language-lover and word connoisseur.† This time assuming the author, while reading the proof, had not overlooked a copy editor’s erroneous insertion the culprit was Garner himself. Only then did I realize I had fallen into a trap that the English language often lays for the erudite and the inexperienced alike: the expectation that it will be consistent. The hyphenation of word-choice is unequivocally wrong, but who is to say that Garner and the jacket-copy writer erred with language-lover? Many writers insert a hyphen in â€Å"decision making,† â€Å"problem solving,† and the like, though such treatment is justified only when the compound modifies a following noun (â€Å"decision-making apparatus,† â€Å"problem-solving skills†). However, similar noun+verb compounds, like eye-opener, are valid. The final arbiter of how a word is treated is a dictionary or, if a publication for some reason prefers an alternate form, a published style guide such as The Chicago Manual of Style or a house, or internal, style guide compiled by one or more editors of that publication. In the case of language-lover, the term does not appear in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, nor does it grace Chicago’s pages. I don’t know whether the house style guide of the Oxford University Press, which published Garner’s book, covers this point, but now I know why, in that work, a hyphen appears in language-lover: It was published in the United Kingdom, whose form of English (the oldest among nations where English is widely spoken, though that doesn’t make it the definitive form) has only recently begun to veer from favoring such constructions. An online search for â€Å"language lover† yields one hyphen-free usage after another, which confirms my opinion that in American English, at least, the hyphen is extraneous. And a writer’s rule of thumb is that if a term has not made its way into a dictionary, use a corollary form (would you hyphenate â€Å"cat lover† or â€Å"coffee lover†?) or, in the absence of a similar term, use the simplest possible construction. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†When to Form a Plural with an ApostropheQuiet or Quite?

The Republic of Mass Culture by James L. Baughman Essay

The Republic of Mass Culture by James L. Baughman - Essay Example Proceeding with an outline of the extent to which television impacted the operational parameters of both radio and print journalism, Baughman explains how and why this led to cooperation, rather than competition. As radio, film and print journalism found themselves confronted by television, a communications and entertainment medium which was drawing audiences away from them, they realized their inherent limitations for successful and effective competition. Quite simply stated, they could not compete with television. They, therefore, relied on a survival strategy which they had used in the past when faced with similar challenges: cooperation and imitation as opposed to competition. In brief, when newspapers were confronted with the challenged posed by radio, not only did they proceed to make significant changes to their content but they gave greater space to entertainment and pictures. Certainly, the gap between radio and newspaper remained but it gradually narrowed down in such a way as to allow the survival of the latter in face of the competition posed by the former. As Baughman explains through an in-depth historical analysis, this strategy was used vis--vis each new mass medium. The television, however, proved... As a survival strategy, however, this was simply not sufficient. Print journalism and radio could hardly compete with television but what they did do was define the mass media market itself and proceed to identify the different segments and sub-segments wherein, following which the engaged in the identification of their target audience and the design of content to meet the tastes of the target segments. The mass media evolved into an industry which relied on market studies and marketing in order, not just to survive but, to prosper and grow. The mass media industry began to borrow and implement the tools and strategies traditionally associated with other industries. Hence, marketing and PR departments evolved. Even as regards newspapers whose primary purpose is to report the news, irrespective of whether the public will find it enjoyable' and interesting, or not, content was influenced by marketing research. As Baughman argues, "market forces, or, more accurately, a perception of the market"1 shaped the content of mass media and influenced the evolution of novel trends therein. As he explains the extent to which the mass media made the transition from an information communications medium, whose content was primarily determined by developing news and events, to an almost wholly entertainment based channel of popular communication, whose content is determined by market studies, Baughman presents a controversial thesis. We are not, as seems to be the popular opinion, living in the Information Age but in an age where, despite the abundance of media channels and types, information is superficial and geared towards entertainment. The public, the market, is dictating the information to be conveyed and, within the context of the

Finite Element Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Finite Element Analysis - Essay Example n into "series of smaller regions in which the differential equations are approximately solved; by assembling the set of equations for each region, the behaviour over the entire problem domain is determined". Considering a three-dimensional body (as shown in the figure), assume that force F is acting on the body, whereas the body is under gravitational pull by the virtue of its weight represented. The distributed load T is also acting of the body. The part of the body is segmented, and single specific outer surface is considered. The body is under stress, as result of the application of the external force, the distributed load and the gravitational force. The external force acts on surface of the body, and is regarded as the surface forces, whereas the weight is acting on the entire volume of the body and is regarded as the body forces. By the virtue of its material characteristic, the body will tend to deform upon application of the external force. The body initially behaves within the elastic limits, and will therefore retain its shape after the surface forces are withdrawn. This tentative deformation with the body in terms of length, area and volume is regarded as the strain. As per Cartesian system, the developed strain can be explained as, This entire set of differential equations is configured on the element of volume. Further calculations are pursued to obtain the energy change in the entire system due to the application of the forces. The node is the critical point for the specific surface. The location of this point is based upon the value of the known field variable. In specific cases, the net displacement at support node is amounted to be zero, in similar manner the temperature values are prescribed at nodes. The nodes are considered to the points at the boundaries of the finite element mesh. The mesh is the marking of regions on the surface area, and therefore in the case of continuous regions no gaps are evident during finite element mesh. The

Free Essays on Terrorism: The Language of Terrorism :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

The Language of Terrorism    On September 11, 2001, two airplanes flew into the World Trade Center and another into the Pentagon, while yet another suspiciously crashed.   Blasted on T.V. screens across America, were images of fire, destruction, chaos and death.   Framed in colors of red, white and blue, were such headlines that read:    ³America Under-Attack, ²  ³The War Against Terror ² and  ³The Attack on America ²; all the while, urgent ticket taped messages flowed across our television screens and news anchors reported on the utmost of news.   To sum-up the days events, President Bush addressed the nation.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was in the President ¹s initial speech to the nation following the attack on the World Trade Center that the adjective  ³evil ² was first introduced.   Quoting from the bible, and making reference to a  ³power greater than any of us, ² the President reassured the American people of their safety and well-being.   Within a couple of minutes, the stage was set for all that was to follow.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since adopted by the media, the Bush administration and the American people, the religious reference of  ³evil ² by the President has become an integral part of the public discourse.   Framing the way we talk and think about the day ¹s events, and all subsequent events, including talk of Bin Laden, the Taliban and terrorism, the use of binary language in religious and metaphoric expression have become an important element in the  ³war against terrorism. ²Ã‚   And despite the   President ¹s and congress ¹ denouncement of any reference to  ³the attack on terrorism ² as a holy war, it seems as if the American ideal of  ³separation of state and religion, ²Ã‚   has become suspended and/or forgotten all together.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intent of this paper is to analysis the language used by the President to describe the September 11th events, and consequentially, its binary effects.   Given the President ¹s religious and metaphoric references a dichotomous framework is thought to exit.   For instance, in using the term  ³evil, ² images of the devil and hell have been conjured up --and conversely-- images of God and heaven.   Helping to demonize those responsible, the initial language used by the President and later incorporated by the press, has since served as a political weapon from which to fight  ³the war against terrorism. ²Ã‚  Ã‚   In that the President ¹s speech evoked from his audience (most notably the American people) feelings of fear, terror, anger, and hatred, the appeal has been to the public ¹s emotions and senses rather than their ration and intellect.

Goals Of Human Service Essay

A human service practitioner is a professional who acts as an agent to assist and or empower individuals, groups, families and communities to prevent, alleviate or better cope with crisis, change and stress to enable them to function more effectively in all areas of life and living. It must seem like that would be hard to earn a degree in a field that involves so much, right? GUESS WHAT?! It is not hard to earn a degree in Human Service nor is it a career that is difficult if you love helping others succeed and wish to improve society. The following brochure will walk you through what it takes to become an outstanding human service provider! The goal of the human service professional is to enable people to live more satisfying, and more productive lives, through the utilization of society’s knowledge, resources, and technical innovations. Of course there are major characteristics that one must have to help reach these goals; -Empathy – Patience – Understanding – Strong work ethic -Effective helpers are also sensitive to culture and religion – Able to work among and understand diversity ABOVE ALL, A GREAT HUMAN SERVICE PROVIDER DEVOTES THEIR LIFE TO HELPING OTHERS! Major generic knowledge, skills and attitudes that appear to be required in all human service work. The training and preparation of the individual worker within this framework will change as a function of the work setting, the specific client population served, and the level of organization work. Understanding the nature of human systems: individual, group, organization, community and society, and their major interactions. Knowing the conditions which promote or limit optimal functioning and classes of deviations from desired functioning in the major human systems. Skill in identifying and selecting interventions which promote growth and goal attainment. Because so many human services jobs involve direct contact with people who are impaired and therefore vulnerable to exploitation, employers try to be selective in hiring. Applicants are screened for appropriate personal  qualifications.

Summarise Finnis arguments in Natural Law and Natural Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2139 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Brief summary of Finnisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s argument Finnis claims that a system of authoritative stipulations is required to co-ordinate the common good.[1] The first and most fundamental principle of practical reasonableness is that authority in a community is to be exercised by those who can in fact effectively settle co-ordination problems for that community.[2] In any large and complex community, there will be a need for rules providing for the cooperation and coordination of individuals for the community to act as a community, so that its members survive and flourish, and have a reasonable chance at realising the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"basic goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of humans. To treat something as authoritative is to treat it as an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"exclusionary reasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for action.[3] This means acting accordingly to the stipulations of the person or institution for the reasons that he/she/it has so stipulated, regardless of the existence of at le ast some other reasons to (or not to) act in that way. To seek out the source of authority is to recognise the notion that all members of a community are entitled to concern and respect.Along these lines Cardinal Bellarmine formulated his transmission theory which states that natural reasonableness requires that there be government authority, but it at the same time doesnt identify any particular person or class as the bearer of authority.Therefore, natural reasonableness requires that everybody (the whole community) be the bearer of authority (who then transmits its authority to representatives).[4] Finnis argues that this conclusion is implausible because we need authority to substitute for unanimity in determining the solution to co-ordination problems that involve everyone in the community.He further argues that this theory either means that there is no authority in the community or it tells us the location of authority in some communities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Summarise Finnis arguments in Natural Law and Natural Rights" essay for you Create order Finnis concludes that there is a need for authority in order to achieve the common good. In Finnisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view the origin of authority is through the principles of practical reasonableness and the basic values of common good, generating practical conclusions from the fact of ability to co-ordinate action for the common good.[5] Rationale behind the conclusion The need for authority in a community where people are energetic and inventive in pursuit of their own or of common goods is apparent. The fact that a person or body has authority over others in a community has normative consequences for practical reasonableness; it affects the responsibilities of both rulers and ruled, by creating certain exclusionary reasons for action. These normative consequences derive from the normative principle that authority is good (because it is required for the realization of the common good) when that principle is taken in conjunction with the fact that a particular person, body or configuration of persons do what authority is to do (i.e. secure and advance the common good).[6] People have different motives and reasons for complying with authoritative stipulations (e.g. fear or force, respect for age or wisdom, belief in divine designation etc.) but for an understanding of authoritativeness of rulers, as a concern of practical reasonableness, it is the sheer fact of effectiveness that is presumptively decisive. Finnis denies the assumption that present authority must rest on some prior authority (of custom; or of the community over itself, granted away to the ruler by transmission or alienation or of individuals over themselves, granted away by promise or implied contract or consent).[7] Rules are unlikely to arise through custom; rather, they are typically imposed by an authority who manages to get bulk of the population to take its say-so as law. In Finnisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view, consent, transmission, contract, custom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" none of t hese is needed to constitute the state of affairs which justifies authority. What is needed to justify authority is that the command or orders of a person or body is complied with and acted upon by the community, and not of any other rival person or body, even though the preferences of individuals are different regarding the relevant problems. Individual motivations for agreeing to the judgment will vary, and those who aspire to authority will ensure that those who are not will be supplied with some exterior motive to concur (i.e. through fear or favour).[8] Also, those who are in authority will lay down directions to ensure the location of authority in future by authoritative rules, thus, eliminating the need of the process of arriving at unanimity to determine authority. The fact that everyone will abide by somebodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s say-so is the necessary and defeasibly sufficient prerequisite for believing that that person has authority in the community. There are two rider s of this principle. Firstly, Practical reasonableness requires that faced with a purported rulerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s say-so, the members of the community normally should obey him if the purported ruler is designated as the lawful bearer of authority by the constitutional rules authoritative for that time, place, field, and function. Secondly, a mans stipulations have authority when a practically reasonable subject, with the common good in view, would think he à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"oughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to consent to them.[9] Finnis suggests that most lawyers and political philosophers would consider the two riders as fundamental principles of determining authority. In his view, this is due to fact that most realms such as the Romans came into being through usurping authority of another. He further refers to the idea proposed by Sir John Fortescue that even if a government is formulated by bad people its origins stem from natural law. However, Finnis prefers the principles of practical reasonableness and the basic values of common good, over natural law. The place of the argument within the larger thesis Finnisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ claim about the existence of a presumptive moral obligation to obey the law is founded upon a certain view of human good and of the type of social order that must exist for the achievement of this good. He develops his claim as follows. He argues that there exist certain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, such as knowledge, play and friendship, which have an intrinsic and self-evident value for every human being. Human flourishing consists in the realization of these goods and society must be ordered in such a way that this flourishing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the common goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" be achieved.[10] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Common goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is a set of conditions which enables the members of the community to attain for themselves reasonable objectives, or to realize reasonably for th emselves the values, for the sake of which they have reason to collaborate with each other in a community.[11] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Practical reasonablenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or reasoning about how to achieve the common good will reveal a wide range of commitments, orientations and projects to adopt this end. Many of these commitments and projects will be mutually incommensurable and no one of them will be inherently superior to the other. In order that anything be done, a selection has to be made from this range of alternative reasonable schemes for the community to adopt. Finnis calls these questions about which schemes, procedures and priorities to select à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"co-ordination problemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[12] It is true that the more intelligence and skill of a groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s members, and the greater their commitment to achieving common good, the more authority and regulations may be required. This is so because the intelligent members will find many new and better w ays to achieve the aim which multiply the problems of co-ordination by giving the group more possible orientations and projects to choose from. Therefore, these co-ordination problems need a solution in order to achieve the common good. According to Finnis, co-ordination problems can only be solved in one of the two ways à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" by unanimity or authority.[13] He rejects unanimity for being impractical. Thus solutions to co-ordination problems can be found only through authoritative selections from amongst competing schemes for the common good.[14] There has to be some arrangement whereby people treat selections of solutions to these problems through this arrangement as binding or obligatory upon them. The law is one form of authoritative governance and dispute resolution. The law makes available a system of promulgated rules for everyone in the community to follow. It creates frameworks within which people can organise their transactions and so on.[15] Hence, Finnis argues that there is a generic and moral obligation to obey the law. Further in his book, Finnis argues that morality and law are the result of practical reasonableness and laws that donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t aim the common good and donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t meet practical reasonableness requirements should be rejected. However, not all laws that lack moral justifications should be disobeyed because this damages the rule of law. Strengths and weaknesses of the argument with reference to other academics Finnis says that we need authority to achieve the common good, which mean that people who have authority lay down the rules or laws that are to be followed; hence, we should follow the law in order to achieve the common good. The legal order à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shapes, supports and furthers patterns of co-ordination.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[16] Thus the law, by solving co-ordination problems, enables us to achieve the common good. The legal order establishes constitutional governance. Under the rule of law, authoritative solutions to coordination problems are established, modified and applied in the form of and by reference to pre-determined and promulgated rules. The exercise of authority in this manner has built into it an element of systematic fairness. When authority is brought to bear upon a person or to solve a given practical problem through the rule of law, systemically speaking its solutions apply not by reference to any partisan or arbitrary preference but by reference to given rules.[17] Finnis seems to assume that it is possible to identify the obvious areas where cooperation and coordination of individuals is required, and the duty of authority is to select from various regimes of rules to fill that need. But in this consideration Leslie Green says that common knowledge of our circumstances cannot simply be assumed.[18] One of the hardest tasks in law and politics is to get people to understand the need for cooperation, especially when it is very comple x or involves people unlike or remote from themselves. Two sorts of errors are common. Firstly, there may be a need for cooperation that is not adequately felt, for instance, where there is a social problem that needs solution but because of ignorance, self-deception or wilful blindness of people; they do not see a task calling for a solution. Secondly, there may be deeply felt coordinative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"needsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that are in fact illusory.[19] Joseph Raz objects to one of Finnisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim that a system of authoritative stipulations is required to co-ordinate the common good. Raz argues that there are other equally serviceable methods for the achievement of co-ordination. For instance, the manipulation by the State of the social and economic environment to provide incentives for behaviour that is desirable from the viewpoint of oc-ordination and disincentives against undesirable conduct. Raz calls this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"government without authorityà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[20] Another method of government without authority is the use of the coercive powers of the State to provide the morally unscrupulous with prudential reasons to act for the common good. Raz also denies the claim that there is a general moral obligation to obey the law regardless of its content.[21] His position is that the question of whether or not a person is under an obligation to obey depends on his/her situation and the content of the law. Hence we cannot speak of a universal and independent moral duty to follow the law. Finnisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim that authority is the only possible solution in order to tackle coordination problems (since unanimity, in his view, is impractical) is also criticised. Many social coordination problems (including extremely complex ones) are solved by convention, rather than the intervention of authority. Languages, for example, are complex sets of conventions that evolve over time in response to the need for society wide st andards of communication.[22] Hence, it is arguable that social coordination problems may be solved by convention in the absence of a centralised legal authority. This would result in something very similar to (if not completely) unanimity. Conclusion To conclude, Finnisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s argument about the need for authority has logical basis. But a person or institution should not have absolute authority in determining the rules of the community; rather, there should be a system whereby laws are created by a general consensus of the community. [1] S Aiyar, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Problems of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Authority: John Finnis and Joseph Raz on Legal Obligtionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Jul., 2000), p. 482. [2] J Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights (2 ed., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2011), p. 246. [3] Ibid, p. 234. [4] Ibid, p. 248. [5] Ibid, p. 252 [6] Ibid, p. 246. [7] Ibid, p. 247. [8] Ibid, p. 249. [9] Ibid, pp. 250-251. [10] Aiyar, n(1), p. 466. [11] Finnis, n(2), p. 155. [12] Ibid, p. 231-232. [13] Ibid, p. 232. [14] Aiyar, n(1), p. 467. [15] Ibid, p. 468. [16] Ibid. [17] Ibid, p. 469. [18] L Green, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Duty to Governà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2007) 13 Legal Theory p. 177. [19] Ibid. [20] Aiyah, n(2), p. 482. [21] Ibid, p. 471. [22] J Crowe, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Five Questions for John Finnisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2011) Pandoras Box, Vol. 18, p. 16.