Confusion in The Catcher in the Rye - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 610 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Catcher in The Rye Essay Did you like this example? Holden gets expelled from Pencey Prep in the beginning of the novel. He got expelled for failing 4 out of 5 classes. Pencey Prep is the 4th school he has been expelled from for bad grades. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Confusion in The Catcher in the Rye" essay for you Create order Holden blames it on the phonies at Pencey. In the story he talks about how many phonies are at Pencey when he says, You never seen so many phonies in all your life. Even though thatrs what Holden blames it on, the fault is actually on him because he is not responsible. Holden leaves Pencey Prep after getting expelled on a Friday. He decides to go to New York for a few days until Wednesday so his parents dont find out that hers been expelled. The story takes place between the 3 days after hers expelled. Throughout that weekend, Holden gets into a lot of trouble. He gets into a fight with his roommate. He tries to buy alcoholic drinks. He buys a prostitute. He gets his money stolen for wasting the prostitutes time. He screams at some girl named Sally. He tries to sneak into his house to talk to his sister. He uses his sisters saved up money because he is not responsible and used all of his. Thatrs just some of the trouble he got into while he was in New York. These troubles that Holden goes through are seen as tribulations which is a cause of great trouble or suffering. Holden lies so much throughout the story. He lies to the readers about how everyone around him are phonies. He says himself in the story, Im the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. Itrs awful. His lies bring on a lot of his problems that he faces. He lies to a friends of his mother on the train for no reason. Holden never seems to have a reason for why he lies, he just does it to do it. He lies to 3 girls in the bar about seeing a celebrity. Holden usually lies to get out of a certain situation or lies to get what he wants. Holden tries to run away from home after he experienced all his problems throughout his troubled weekend. At first Holden wants to run away with a girl named Sally and get married. Then he wants to run to the north to be a deaf mute so he will never have to talk to anyone again. Holden likes the idea of not having to talk to anyone again because he believes that everyone around him are phonies-except him. Holden can never make up his mind about where he wants to go or what he wants to do. His sister Phoebe said she wants to run away with him when he told her his plans. Holden denied of course, and told her another one of his dreams. He dreams of being a catcher in the rye. A catcher in the rye stays by the edge of a cliff where kids are playing in the rye so he could catch them if they fall off. Hers even confused about his own dreams that will never happen. Confusion is a big part in The Catcher in the Rye. Holdenrs times of tribulation and terror are shaped around his confusion about everything. He doesnt know who he wants to be yet or even what he wants to do. His brothers death is responsible for the terror that consumed his childhood. Holden looked up to his brother and since his death is confused on who needs to be. His problems throughout the novel can be seen as tribulations as results of the terror caused by his brother Alliers death.

Paul Mccartney s Contributions Of The Beatles Essay

Paul McCartney was born June 18, 1942, in Liverpool, England. His contribution in the Beatles in the 1960s helped pop music ascend from its origins in the entertainment business and morphed it into a highly respected creative commercial art form. He also remains as one of the most prominent solo performers of all time in terms of both recordings at his concerts and sales of his attendants. Sir James Paul McCartney was born on June 18, 1942, in Liverpool, England, to James and Mary McCartney. His father was a cotton salesman, who would often play the piano with a local jazz band his mother was a maternity nurse. As a labor man’s child he grew up in a traditional working-class family, similar to later bandmates of the Beatles George Harrison and Richard Starkey (Ringo Starr). An early tragedy happened when Paul was just fourteen years old, his mother died. Her death was linked to complications after a mastectomy. McCartney’s later band member, John Lennon, also suffered the loss of his mother at an early age—a connection that Paul would later point to as the start of a close bond between the two musicians. He was inspired by his father to explore different musical instruments, Paul initiated his lifelong love affair with music as a young kid growing up in Liverpool. Although he took proper music lessons as a kid, he found it easier to learn by ear, teaching himself the Spanish guitar, piano and trumpet. The teenaged musician met John Lennon in 1957 at a church festival whereShow MoreRelatedPaul Mccartney s Contributions Of The Beatles1596 Words   |  7 PagesPaul McCartney was born June 18, 1942, in Liverpool, England. His contribution in the Beatles in the 1960s helped pop music ascend from its origins in the entertainment business and morphed it into a highly respected creative commercial art form. He also remains as one of the most prominent solo performers of all time in terms of both recordings at his concerts and sales of his attendants. Sir James Paul McCartney was born on June 18, 1942, in Liverpool, England, to James and Mary McCartney. HisRead MorePaul Mccartney1492 Words   |  6 Pagessixty two, the year rock and roll came to life. The Beatles, band on the run, English rock group, also know as Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. The group brought rock and roll to life gave it a meaning. Music was the way to for people to listen and understand music was a way of communication and Paul McCartney, one of the four who started it. Does he still have what it takes to be a rock star up to today? Paul McCartney a British vocalist, song writer, composer, bassRead MoreAnalysis Of The Beatles Abbey Road852 Words   |  4 PagesFour Beatles in a row, crossing the black-and-white zebra crossing on Abbey Road, one so serious-looking, one barefoot and smoking, one simply looking to keep up with his friends and the fourth in white, hands in pocket and his face swathed in hair compose the cover art of their last-recorded album, Abbey Road . The album shows a band still clearly in its prime, capable of songwriting and recording feats that other groups could only envy. Working for the first time exclusively on an eight-trackRead MoreThe Beatles Were An English Rock Band Formed Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesThe Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCarthey, George Harrison and Ring Starr, they became widely regarded as the formost and most influential act of the rock era. Rooted in skiffle, beat, and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles, ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock, often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovativeRead MoreThe Extrordinary Influence of the Beatles Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band 1780 Words   |  7 PagesFor thousands of years, music has been influencing people in extraordinary ways. The Beatles Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band should not be mistaken as an ordinary album. Without a doubt, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, an incredibly innovative album, stands as the most influential album of all time; it stands as a true masterpiece. People all around, especially artists, were influenced greatly by the innovations the album brought to the world of music. Many people have said that fromRead MoreThe Beatles Were An English Rock Band Who Formed2344 Words   |  10 Pages The Beatles were an English rock band who formed in Liverpool. The band formed in 1960 and consisted of four members. The four band members were John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. The Beatles built up their reputation by playing in pubs and clubs that were located throughout Hamburg and Liverpool, they did this for around 3 years until they became well known worldwide. Background: Brian Epstein who died in 1967 at age 32 managed The Beatles . Brian managed The BeatlesRead MoreChoosing Favorite Beatles Songs 1182 Words   |  5 PagesChoosing favorite Beatles songs is a bit like choosing a favorite child, it s damn near. They put out four psychedelic albums (if you count Yellow Submarine, which I m not), and three post-psychedelic albums. In the 8 years they recorded, they released 12 studio albums, not counting the US releases as many of those were compilation records. To be honest, I was never a huge fan of the mop tops era Beatles and songs like I Want to Hold Your Hand and She Loves You.† However, I did include a fewRead MoreHistorical Significance of Eleanor Rigby3568 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Overview A song by Beatles, Eleanor Rigby was released simultaneously on the album Revolver in the year 1966 as well as on a 45 rpm single. Primarily, the song was written by Paul McCartney and was dedicated to Lennon McCartney (Miles, 1997). George Martin did a great job at making a string quartet arrangement. The striking lyrics about loneliness along with the arrangement transformed the kind of songs from what were mostly pop-oriented to the kind that were studio-based. There is no second opinionRead MoreA Hard Day s Night1238 Words   |  5 Pagesproducer Walter Shenson and director Richard Lester. The film was created to expand the fame and musical recognition of the Beatles among the America and Britain. The intended purpose of the musical comedy was to reflect the public and private lives of The Beatles by taking the audience on a whimsical journal through an extraordinary 36 hours of a typical day in The Beatles life. The four main factors that contributed to the film was to reflect the developments in the film and record industry, conveyRead MoreDid the Impact of the Beatles Sgt Pepper Album Help Redefine Popular Music as a Culturally Significant Art Form?4164 Words   |  17 Pagesmusic (The Times, 29 May 196 7) Did the impact of the Beatles Sgt Pepper album help redefine popular music as a culturally significant art form? Summary of Assignment Choose an artist from the period 1900-1970 and to examine their relationship to the cultural and social framework of their era with reference to an important or influential album. Introduction In this essay I will be critically analysing and evaluating ‘The Beatles’ Sgt. Peppers album in relation to their associated genre

Electrical Installations Free Essays

Electrical apparatus and wiring systems are to be constructed and installed in accordance with the requirements of this Section. Standard Distribution System The following are recognized as standard systems of distribution. Distribution systems differing from these will be specially considered. We will write a custom essay sample on Electrical Installations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two-wire direct current Three-wire direct current Two-wire single-phase alternating current Three-wire three-phase alternating current Four-wire three-phase alternating current Three-wire single-phase AC may be used in conjunction with this system for lighting. Materials All electrical equipment is to be constructed of durable and flame-retardant materials. Materials are to be resistant to corrosion, moisture, high and low temperatures, and are to have other qualities necessary to prevent deterioration in the ambient conditions that the equipment may be expected to encounter. 13 Grounding Arrangements Where not obtained through normal construction, arrangements are to be provided o effectively ground metal structures of derricks, masts and helicopter decks. See also 4-2-617. 1. 3 for fuel storage for helicopter facilities. How to cite Electrical Installations, Papers

Good Leader One Who Knows the Way

Question: Write about theGood Leaderfor One Who Knows the Way. Answer: Introduction This is one of the best quote for any organization that need to develop effective leadership style to survive in this competitive era. Organizational leadership has been cited as the critical part for an organization to achieve best management approach that identifies what is best for a team or individuals so as to bring the best out of them and improve organizational performance (Sarros et al., p. 289). According to Tannenbaum et al. (2013, p. 320), a leader is someone who create vision and develop actions that are implemented by team to successfully transform vision to reality. The most important aspect of Maxwells quote is that a leader can be meaning that everyone has capacity to be a leader. By religious background has enriched me with great knowledge on what it takes to be a leader particular the need to have determination, courage and disciple so as to be a great leader like Moses, Joshua, Solomon and many more who contributed to great success of Israelites. One of the best bi blical verse that encourages leaders to press on with their roles is in Galatians 6:9, Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up (Good News Bible, p. 228). A Leader is the One Who Knows the Way A leader who knows the way has a vision and sets the goals that sees an organization achieving a preferable competitive state in the future. According to organization learning theory, organization learning is achieved through inquiry where the leader interacts with the team members so as to set clear vision (Siemens, p. 39). The theory necessitates developing a vision and changing goals and actions to adapt to rapidly changing external and internal environments (Kolb, A.Y. and Kolb, p. 1216). I believe I am a leader since I have created my own vision in relation to academics, I believing in having the best performance. By knowing vision, I am always working hard to learn more so as to achieve best results that are in line with my academic vision. Furthermore, I collaborate with by course mates so as to excel as a team. Many great businessmen have attributed their success to vision. Steve Jobs believed that a great vision lead to excellent products that satisfies the need of customers and will make the customers continue buying companys brands (Isaacson, p. 96). Steve saw future in his Apple Company by developing vison and plans making it a reality to best deliver electronics that gained huge market base (Finkle and Mallin, p. 31). Many authors have pointed out that visualizing future state of organization is a vital for business leaders to achieve competitive advantage, successful leaders have been associated with great visions while downfall leaders have been attributed to lack of vision (Blanchard and Miller, p. 41). However, it is important to note that a vision should match trends over time since non-responsive vision may lead to erotic results. It is believed that the vision is impacted by context of time and thus it is necessary for leaders to have a vision that maximizes on present opportunities while being prepared for future uncertainties (Kouzes and Posner, p.48). The Dot Com businesses saw opportunity in use of internet to connect with customers and ground their activities to match advancement in information and technology. Vision therefore creates opportunity for leaders to lay foundation for success of their organizations. There are many advantages associated with envisioning exciting possibilitiesin an organization. Firstly, a vison inspires organization and its employees to work harder to bridge the gap between the present and future of an organizations (Boyatzis et al., p. 19). This motivate employees to undertake duties and responsibilities to implement vison and achieve goals. The organization has to make various changes to respond to business needs thus the vision form basis for decision making. A leader who knows the way therefore knows what has to be achieved for the company to be successful (vision). A Leader is the One Who goes the Way A leader who goes the way is a good example to subordinates by working the talk. This leader not only tell junior employees what to do but also does what he/she is saying. The leader has to pursue what it takes to achieve future state of organization. The leaders must possess special attributes like courage to enable him/her undertake particular actions regardless of hardships or risks involved (Tannenbaum et al, p. 24). Leading by action influence behaviors, thoughts and attitudes of subordinate staff (Hannah, Walumbwa and Fry, p. 776). I believe I have been a great inspiration to my younger siblings. Whatever I do, I always do to perfection. Furthermore, I have encouraged many youths to discover their potential particularly resisting peer pressure and working towards achieving person goals. Leading by example has been great inspiration to many. The organizational learning theory acknowledges that organization is prone to abnormal outcomes that deviates from what was expected. A leader who is part of actions in an organization is able to interact with members effectively and build a strong relationship. This relationship encourages adoption of theory-in-use that is characterized by brainstorming to solve problem rather than espoused theory that strictly follows formalized regulations of organization when solving problem (Savaya and Gardner, p. 149). The espoused theory is known to kill creativity and innovation of employees since they are forced to follow strict instructions when carrying out their jobs. Theory-in-use offers huge potential for employees to learn through social forums like inquiring from co-workers or their leader. A leader that undertakes action with employees is able to indulge in double learning where he/she is able to change organizational assumptions that govern actions so as to create conducive environm ent for employees to showcase their talents and abilities in solving organization problems (Hoerl and Gardner, p.33). The leaders who act on things they say are able to translate intentions and ideas to reality. David Cameron, former Britain prime minister is a true leader who believed in treaties of European Union. However, when the citizens made decision through vote to cease being member of European Union, Cameron resigns since he did not like that idea (Goodwin and Heath, p. 323). This is leading by example where a leader sacrifices personal financial loss so as not to undertake what is opposite to what he/she believes. The case of Cameron can be seen as setting standard for what is appropriate. Many leaders have failed their followers by not setting right examples. Many problems experienced by children are largely attributed to failure of parents to provide proper guidance. Some parents consciously or unconsciously set certain codes for family like dressing, diet and other behaviors yet they do the opposite and thus children imitate what parents do. Many psychologists are of idea that parents should be good role model to their children since the young ones are under constant observation and are likely to adopt behaviors like smoking, alcohol abuse, violence, eating well or any activity exhibited by parents or any other adult (Carr, p.15). Gandhi gain huge recognition and great followers by leading in doing what is right. The organization present opportunity for modelling good behaviors to employees so as to develop best corporate culture. The supervisor who criticizes certain behaviors like spending more time on social networks and arriving late for work while doing the opposite is uncalled for a leader who goes the way. Jack Welch became successful in business by adopting idea of abolishing unnecessary restrictions to achieve boundary-less organization that allowed employees to think of new ideas freely (Parkes et al., p. 17). He kept his word and many employees follow his action thus transforming General Electric to being successful company. A Leader is the One Who Shows the Way A leader needs to maintain close contacts with employees so as to empower them to achieve the vision. According to this phrase, a leader should do with other employees what is needed to pursue the future state of the organization. There are many strategies that can be adopted by leaders in order to persuade employees to work hard. This means that a leader must collaborate with junior employees rather than expressing authority. A leader is able to develop positive influence over his/her employees by encouraging them to what is right and also working with them. Good communication boost confidence among employees. There are many mediums that leader can use to interface with employees including emails, phone calls, face-to-face conversation and company website. The leaders are expected to demonstrate truth and fairness so as to communicate vision effectively to others. It is also important to allow employees share their views concerning processes in organization so as to offer additional support they may require to do their jobs better. Employee engagement can further be achieved by treating employees with respect and dignity (Ajala, p. 144). This is to motivate them to be happy and in return they are able to offer excellent services to clients and make customers happy. References Ajala, E.M., 2012, June. The influence of workplace environment on workers welfare, performance and productivity. In The African Symposium (Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 141-149). Blanchard, K. and Miller, M., 2014. The secret: what great leaders know and do. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Boyatzis, R.E., Smith, M.L., Van Oosten, E. and Woolford, L., 2013. Developing resonant leaders through emotional intelligence, vision and coaching. Organizational Dynamics, 42(1), pp.17-24. Carr, A., 2015. The handbook of child and adolescent clinical psychology: A contextual approach. Routledge. Finkle, T.A. and Mallin, M.L., 2010. Steve Jobs and Apple, Inc. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, 16(7), p.31. Goodwin, M.J. and Heath, O., 2016. The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate?level Analysis of the Result. The Political Quarterly, 87(3), pp.323-332. Hannah, S.T., Walumbwa, F.O. and Fry, L.W., 2011. Leadership in action teams: team leader and members authenticity, authenticity strength, and team outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 64(3), pp.771-802. Hoerl, R.W. and Gardner, M.M., 2010. Lean Six Sigma, creativity, and innovation. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 1(1), pp.30-38. Isaacson, W., 2012. The real leadership lessons of Steve Jobs. Harvard business review, 90(4), pp.92-102. Kolb, A.Y. and Kolb, D.A., 2012. Experiential learning theory. In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (pp. 1215-1219). Springer US. Kouzes, J.M. and Posner, B.Z., 2011. Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it (Vol. 244). John Wiley Sons. Parkes, M., Milner, K. and Gilbert, P., 2010. Vocation, vocation, vocation: spirituality for professionals in mental health services. International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 6(3), pp.14-25. Sarros, J.C., Tanewski, G.A., Winter, R.P., Santora, J.C. and Densten, I.L., 2002. Work alienation and organizational leadership. British Journal of Management, 13(4), pp.285-304. Savaya, R. and Gardner, F., 2012. Critical reflection to identify gaps between espoused theory and theory-in-use. Social work, pp. 145-154. Siemens, G., 2014. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. Tannenbaum, R., Weschler, I. and Massarik, F., 2013.Leadership and organization. Routledge. Finkle, T.A. and Mallin, M.L., 2010. Steve Jobs and Apple, Inc. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, 16(7), p.31.

Introduction of myself Essays - Chinese Cuisine,

Introduction of myself Yang Wang English 102 Project 1: Personal Research 1/20/2014 Introduction of Myself My name is Yang Wang, and I am from China; additionally, I live in Chinatown of Chicago. This is my third semester in Harold Washington College, and I am taking three other classes this term include Biology 121, Sociology 201, and Math 118 which I need to stud online . In this paper, I will share some information to let others know me; at the same time, it will let me know myself better. I was born in a small city of Sichuan which is located in the southwest part of China. My hometown is famous for delicious, spicy food in China, so I also love Sichuan cuisine very much. After I finished my college study in China, my curiosity drove me to come to America because I wanted to see what the other part of the world looks like. I chose Chicago because my uncle is here. In Chicago, I make a lot of friends, and I am also improving my English. After I finish study at Harold Washington College, I will apply for a program named Dental Hygiene at Kennedy King College because I think it is easier to find a job. Most people said it was really tough, especially for those whose mother language is not English. However, I think I already chose the way where I need to go; I should not be afraid of the difficulties I will meet. Frankly speaking, I am a very independent person because I have my own ideas and opinions for everything which concern myself. For example, when I chose my major in the college, a lot of people suggested I study accounting or finance; however, I still insisted on my own decision to study about health care. In order to make a right decision, I often make a list of the advantages and disadvantages of the result. At the same time, I also list the benefits and challenges of the process. Besides this, I often like to listen to others suggestions, and I will pick out some ideas which are helpful for making the right decision. LinLing, one of my friend, said, I really admire your wisdom and confidence when you are making your important decision. You can analyze the outcome which is good or bad for you. When I saw making the list, I thought you were solving the logical math problems. That is why you always know which side you need to choose." Apart from this, I am also an expressive person. Because I am working a part time job as a server in a Chinese restaurant, I need to explain what ingredients are included and how the chef prepares for them, and what the dish tastes like. Sometimes, I also need to remind my customers some dishes include ingredients, such as sesame seeds, nuts, and some seafood because they may be allergic to these food. Additionally, I also like to introduce traditional Chinese cuisine to Americans if they want to try some typical local area cuisine China. One of my customers, Megan, confirms this idea, Your English is good compare with others in Lao yunnan (my work place). You like to introduce some special awesome dishes which are just right for me. Because of your introduction, I know how delicious Chinese cuisine is. In English 102, I hope I can conduct some projects, such as interview, surveys, and research. Through those projects, I can improve my communicating and writing skills. On the other hand, I am also nervous about my speaking skills. Because I am afraid I cannot express what I want to say with my limited words in English when I talk to others.

Definition of career couples and parent employees The WritePass Journal

Definition of career couples and parent employees Introduction Definition of career couples and parent employees IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction In modern years there has been an increasing interest in the mixture work and family, or more general, the integration of work and family life. One of the main reasons for this increasing interest is the increased contribution of women in professional employment, a development which has drastically altered traditional family structures and gender roles. Greater access to and involvement in education and enhanced career opportunities for women has led to a more diversified working population and the increase of the dual-worker family. The dual-careercouplesrefers to a specific kind of dual-worker family in which bothmembers follow a professional career and concurrently keep a family life together. In dual-career relationships conventional family roles, specifying role behaviors, are challenged in a basic. In the conventional family representation, the male is regarded as the main ‘breadwinner’ and assures that the family has an adequate sum of financial earnings to live. His breadwinner function, limits his ability to connect in family responsibilities and therefore, the female manages the family, performs every family chores, and takes care of the kids. Regardless of strong historical value, the number of families that fit this conventional mould of the male as only breadwinner and female as the main housekeeper and care-giver is diminishing considerably. Factors for instance equal opportunity legislation, economic inevitability, expansion in white-collar employment and the impact of the female liberation/ the women’s movement have led to a raise in the number of nontraditional (i.e. dual-worker and dual-career) families. These factors, amongst others, hav e caused women to engage in employment in the marketplace and chase professional careers parallel to those pursued by their male counterparts. Dual-career couples are consequently expected to become a more common fact in the near future. Authors like Crompton (1999) pointed out that the question of work-life-balance was comparatively unproblematic until the closing decades of the twentieth century because of two frequently acknowledged assumptions: (a) the standard employee was full-time and almost always a man, and   (b) women were assigned to voluntary labour of caring and family tasks. So, finding the right balance between work and family was relatively easy in this era, due to the domestication of women in addition to their exclusion from professional employment. Conclusion The bigger contribution of women in the labour market since the beginning of the 21st century has considerably changed the demography of the work-force and reshaped conventional family associations, demonstrating a difference from traditional societal norms. So, women’s vigorous contribution in the labour market has placed stresses and tensions upon the conventional household and professional responsibilities.   This dynamic interaction between work and family responsibilities complicates the attainment of a healthy work-life balance which may be vital for the efficient performance of the employee. Companies cannot and should not overlook the larger setting in which the work is performed. Families function as social systems, with an inter-relationship between work and non-work roles, so that tensions in one are inevitably transferred to the other. In addition to that, conflicts and tensions arising from multiple stress have a de motivating effect on employees, this raise the chances of absenteeism and signify a risk to the quality of organisations. Therefore, the innate difficulties of the dual-career life are likely to have significant direct consequences for dual-career employees employing organizations. The significance of proper employer responses to dual-career issues and dual-careers has develop into a central area of interest for human resource management.

E-Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

E-Business - Case Study Example Hoffman & Novak (1996:51) described the internet as a "phenomenal marketing opportunity". This same definition was later echoed by Palmer & Griffith (1998:45) when they state that, the internet has created a new revolution in marketing by providing much more than just a new medium through which organization communicate to the public. E-marketing has become an important phenomenal for Business to Business, Consumers to Consumers as well as Business to consumers marketing. As the fight of market shares and quest for product success continue, e-strategy has offered marketers and businesses all the necessary tactics, and methods to give their product a break through, or remain competitive (Frost et al. 2001). This assignment examines and evaluates the supply chain management functions of an ebusiness. Using Wal-Mart as a case study, the paper examines the electronic business platform of the organisation with attention on the supply chain. Supply chain management (SCM) is a tactical and management tool employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that a company's merchandise is produced, distributed at the right quantities, locations, and the right time (Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). This is to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements (Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). ... Using Wal-Mart as a case study, the paper examines the electronic business platform of the organisation with attention on the supply chain. 1.1Overview of Supply Chain Management Supply chain management (SCM) is a tactical and management tool employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that a company's merchandise is produced, distributed at the right quantities, locations, and the right time (Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). This is to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements (Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). Today, SCM gained momentum and received due attention from practitioners and researchers. It has become present day managerial competitive weapon for improving performance (Ramsay 2000). To minimize wastages and meet up with customers demand. Customers and suppliers are important stakeholders. "Stakeholders are those individual or groups who depend on the organisation to fulfill their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organisation depends" (Johnson et al 2005:179). An organisation SCM set the pace and the platform for this to take place. Wal-mart is the largest grocery retailer in the United States with estimated 20% of the retail grocery and consumable business as well as the largest toy seller in the States having 22% share of the market, and the highest private employer with about 1.9million workers and employees. The company had a net income of US$11.3Billion in 2007. Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the application of supply chain management strategy in Wal-mart in its electronic business platform. Using Porters competitive advantage, Porters value chain framework, and the SWOT analysis, the company was

The write choice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The write choice - Assignment Example Amnesty International, an international human rights organisation has also argued that capital punishment is the ultimate denial of for human rights. They argue that since death penalty is the premeditated taking of a human life by a government, it is the ultimate disrespect for human life and therefore should not be allowed. Today, United States, according to Amnesty international has the fourth highest number of executions in the world and together with the first three countries (China, Iran, and Saudi Arabia) make up over 91% of total executions in the world (Gill, para 1). This has raised concerns especially seeing that USA is in the company of the most undemocratic nations in the world such as China and Iran. One of the biggest challenges in justifying death penalty as a way to bring justice to victims of murder and their family is the fact that it is possible to wrongfully convict a person. If a person in convicted of any other crime and imprisoned and later seen to be not guilty, they can always be acquitted. If on the other hand a person is executed and later new evidence shows that he was not guilty, there is no way of bringing back that person to life, which would mean that the government will have committed murder. According to Robertson (221), there is always a chance that a person can change and should therefore be given a second chance by preserving their lives. Robertson, Diane. Tears From Heaven: Voices From Hell: The Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty as Seen Through the Eyes of the Victims of Violent Crime and Death Row Inmates Throughout America. New York NY: iUniverse, 2002.

Economic reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic reports - Essay Example According to Kroenig (2015), while exploring the subject, argues that in 2021, China will have overtaken the United States as the world’s largest economy. What is more intriguing is the proposition that the military power which is another important factor when it comes to the issue world supremacy, will follow the economic heft. China will therefore be the strongest country both in terms of military and economy. China boasts having the most spoken language on earth. This has been used to create cohesion and encourage economic growth. However, the author uses a different approach to address the subject by focusing on the domestic political institutions. According to Machiavelli, cities expand when everyone stops focusing on the particular good of the activities that are being undertaken. Therefore, the notion that the governments that have representative forms of rule are the ones that can steer fast growth is misguided. The idea of Machiavelli can only be achieved in republic s such as China. The idea of China’s rapid economic growth has also been boosted by the view of social scientists who claim that autocracies do not experience smooth economic runs compared to democracies. On top of that, democracies are in a position to access international capital markets and also form strong and reliable alliances that are key in boosting the economy. Therefore basing the argument on that, it is true to say that China has had a smooth economic growth and considering that other super powers seem to have exploited all their efforts and stagnated, it could be the next super power. Democracies are also known to enjoy a built in advantage when it comes to the struggle for global mastery. On a head to head analysis between China and the already stable economies such as the UK and US, one can note that at the time when the latter enjoyed a smooth economic growth, they were experiencing or were having great democracies. A

Conceptual Art: Responses to Capitalism

Conceptual Art: Responses to Capitalism When Situationism evolved from the Letterist movement, in the middle of the last century, it set itself up in opposition to two other two other politically motivated groups: Dadism and Surreallism. Situationism, however, was only incidentally political, and rather than subverting the art world, aimed only to redesign its context, including the attitudes of the public, so that art could become something anyone could do or enjoy- something integrated into everyday life. Historically, arts efforts to bring down capitalist structures from within have been very ill-fated, with artists finding themselves ignored, scorned, crushed or – perhaps worse- accessories to political agendas. Artists and writers must work harder than ever to devise means of opposing or exposing capitalisms deceptions, but many commentators appear to have reached the conclusion that the battle is barely worth fighting. As we shall see, Jean Baudrillard argues that criticism of the status quo is no longer possi ble through art or literature and that the only efficient way of dissenting from capitalist society is to commit suicide, Modern art wishes to be negative, critical, innovative and a perpetual surpassing, as well as immediately (or almost) assimilated, accepted, integrated, consumed. One must surrender to the evidence: art no longer contests anything. If it ever did. Revolt is isolated, the malediction consumed. Thus the avant-garde movements in Europe put the artist under pressure to exhibit a certain individuality, while also – rather contradictorily- being a producer, and as prolific, political and reactionary a producer as possible, There is a lot of talk, not about reform or forcing the Enlightenment project to live up to its own ideals, but about wholesale negation, revolution, another new sensibility, now self- affirming or self-creating, rather than a universalist or rational self-legitimation. This in turn suggests a tremendously heightened role for the artist, the figure whose imagination supposedly creates or shapes the sensibilities of civilization. In a sense, the avant-garde has been socially commissioned to forecast the future, to scouting out new intellectual terrain, Aesthetic modernity is characterized by attitudes which find a common focus in a changed consciousness of time The avant-garde understands itself as invading unknown territory, exposing itself to the dangers of sudden, shocking encounters, conquering an as yet unoccupied future. The avant-garde must find a direction in a landscape into which no one seems to have yet ventured Early Attempts to Overthrow Capitalism In many ways, Dada and Surrealism represent the most successful artistic rebellions against capitalist norms, as they have attacked the conventional assumption of meaning itself, and in doing so drew attention to the ridiculous fact that such an assumption existed at all, Dada has often been called nihilistic and its declared purpose was indeed to make clear to the public at large that all established values, moral or aesthetic, had been rendered meaningless by the catastrophe of the Great War Dada preached nonsense and anti-art with a vengeance It is as though the Artist jumped before she was pushed. With its effort to close the gap between producer and produced by making everything equally alien, Surrealism also sought to negate its creator, using, pure psychic automatism intended to express the true process of thought free from the exercise of reason and from any aesthetic or moral purpose . Habermas, too, asserts that Surrealism poses a threat to arts existential rights, but still fails in two ways, First, when the containers of an autonomously developed cultural sphere are shattered, the contents get dispersed. Nothing remains from a desublimated meaning or a destructured form; an emancipatory effect does not follow. Habermas draws attention to the levelling affect of contemporary communication networks: networks which challenge the hierarchical assumptions of classical Marxism, and which have, in scale, surpassed what any postmodern commentator – even in the 1980s- could have imagined. More so than ever, our media are democratic and interrelated, A rationalized everyday life, therefore, could hardly be saved from cultural impoverishment through breaking open a single cultural sphere art and so providing access to just one of the specialized knowledge complexes. Any active dissent can be transformed into a commodity, a product to assist the perpetuation of capitalism. Catchy slogans devised by revolutionaries are used to sell mortgages, paintings that challenge conventional assumptions about beauty and form are written about in books to be sold, and bought by galleries where their beauty and form can be admired and valued- bought and sold. As the â€Å"Anti-Naturals† recently wrote, on the subject, â€Å"It is the nature of the Spectacle to transform all experience into a consumer commodity. It is no surprise, then, that so much of modern capitalist production should be focused on the authenticity swindle. It is not merely that we are told that our authentic self is only a credit card order away. We must be told what and how to purchase. Since, in the midst of the Spectacle, all experience is real only when it can be consumed, it is natural to follow the guidance offered by the array of products engineered to address each particular need. In reality, it is quite easy to mass market to hundreds of millions of individuals,‚ since each quest is identical in its basic features.† Any words spoken against can be turned into rallying support. Art, like any powerful weapon, can always be turned against those who use it. Whatever doesnt kill power is killed by it. In this way the Dadaists watched their anti-art works being systematically categorised as works of art, and were forced to focus their whole project completely on the evasion of this recuperation. Five years of agitation against capital, war and morality, brought them to an impasse of suicide or silence. Everything the Dadaists made, said, wrote or performed seemed to be turned against its critical purpose and used against them- and they abandoned the project. Effectively, they went on strike. The Dadaists left a legacy in the form of recuperated, commodified art works, and in multiple imitations of their style and attitude. Their advocation of collage and photomontage is now everywhere in advertisements, their paradoxically anti-art art surely at the very heart of current post-modernist critical theory. They were correct in their belief that this capitalist appropriation was inevitable while they were merely producing, and not controlling the means of production, but in some ways, they did in fact constitute a challenge to bourgeois morality. Dadaism questioned the philosophical assumptions which justified smug bourgeois attitudes, and uncovered the hypocracy of World War 1s brutality legitimising propaganda. In the end they felt that their subversions of established values were merely contributing too much to the culture they had been trying to undermine. The Situationist Asger Jorn was emphatic about the failure of Marxist theory, to liberate of art from commodification , â€Å"Instead of abolishing the private character of property, socialism does nothing but augment them as much as possible, rending humans themselves useless and socially non-existent. The goal of the development of artistic liberation is the liberation of human values by the transformation of human qualities into real values. Here begins the artistic revolution against socialist development, the artistic revolution that is tied to the communist project . . .† Debord and the Situationist Reaction to Capitalism Debords 1967 book The Society of the Spectacle, represented an attempt to articulate as fully as possible the Situationist philosophy. The term spectacle refers to the colonization of everyday life by commodity in late capitalism, an extension of alienation experienced between production and consumption. The spectacles subjective, one-directional effect requires a kind of non-participation, eventually resulting in a breakdown of communication between people. Situationism distinguishes between classical and modern forms of capitalism. Where classical capitalism demanded that wasted time describes any time not spent at work, modern capitalism actually reverses that, using advertising and other spectacular means to declare that it is the time spent at work that is wasted, and work is justifiable only because it provides the monetary ability to consume. Marx wrote that, the worker feels at home when he is not working, and when he is working he does not feel at home The Situationists describe the spectacular society as a place where, the spectator feels at home nowhere, for the spectacle is everywhere . As Debord himself explains, So long as the realm of necessity remains a social dream, dreaming will remain a social necessity. The spectacle is the bad dream of modern society in chains, expressing nothing more than its wish for sleep. The spectacle is guardian of that sleep . However, the spectacle was not unique to capitalist society; the Situationists worked on a theory of the concentrated spectacle that would incorporate individual influences on capitalist regimes. This was principally contrived as a rhetorical framework to include the cult of personality in the dictatorships of places such as Cuba, the Soviet Union and China. The Situationists argued that the same tricks that society used to sell fast cars and kitchen appliances were used to promote and deify figures such as Chairman Mao. In anarchic efforts to subvert the spiritual and fiscal poverty of urban life under the tyranny of the spectacle, the Situationists developed a revolutionary art, departed from artistic convention. In their article Preliminaries Toward Defining a Unitary Revolutionary Program, Debord and the Marxist theorist Pierre Canjuers, assert, â€Å"At one pole, art is purely and simply recuperated by capitalism as a means of conditioning the population. At the other pole, capitalism grants art a perpetual privileged concession: that of pure creative activity, an alibi for the alienation of all other activities (which makes it the most expensive and prestigious status symbol). But at the same time, this sphere reserved for free creative activity is the only one in which the question of what we do with life and the question of communication are posed practically and in all their fullness. Here, in art, lies the basis of the antagonisms between partisans and adversaries of the officially dictated reasons for living. The established meaninglessness and separations give rise to the general crisis of traditional artistic means a crisis linked to the experience of alternative ways of living or the demand for such experience. Revolutionary artists are those who call for intervention; and who have themselves intervened in the sp ectacle in order to disrupt or destroy it.† Initially, the work the Situationist International produced was aimed at ridiculing formalist conceptions of the art object: Asger Jorn bought amateur paintings at flea markets and painted over them, subverting notions of authority and value. Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio invented a style of â€Å"industrial† painting where the canvas was over a hundred metres long, then cut strips off for potential buyers, thereby subverting traditional preconceptions of arts autonomy. In reality these processes were eventually absorbed by a capitalist art market bought, sold, exhibited, written about, and for the most part, politically neutered. In his 1974 book Theory of the Avant-Garde, Peter Burger points out that the avant-garde artists main goal is to shock the viewer, typically accustomed to organic or formalist works of art, in the hope that such withdrawal of meaning will direct the readers attention to the fact that the conduct of ones life is questionable and that it is necessary to cha nge it He goes on to state that, Paradoxically, the avant-gardist intention to destroy art as an institution is thus realized in the work of art itself. The intention to revolutionize life by returning art to its praxis turns into a revolutionizing of art. This is the kind of logic that prompted the Situationists to agree to stop producing art in 1961, when they decided to cease considering themselves artists. Any remaining members unwilling to abandon traditional forms of art, including Jorn, Pinot-Gallizio, and Constant found themselves either being forced into ideological resignation or expulsion. â€Å"It is a question not of elaborating the spectacle of refusal, but rather of refusing the spectacle. In order for their elaboration to be artistic and authentic in the new and authentic sense defined by the SI, the elements of the destruction of the spectacle must precisely cease to be works of art. Once and for all. . . . Our position is that of combatants between two worlds one that we dont acknowledge, the other that does not yet exist.† In The Situationist City, Simon Sadler write that, in abandoning early Situationism, the Situationist International abandoned its imagining of utopia a devastating decision, surely unprecedented in the history of the avant-garde, and yet at the same time surely the situationists greatest contribution to that history: the recognition that in changing the world, avant-garde art cannot be a substitute for popular redistribution of power It seemed that the SI recognized that for any avant-garde to succeed, it would do best striving to produce artists, and not art. The Dadaists, too, were aware that both art and artist are part of the capitalist system, and consequently as guilty in their participation as any other commodity or worker. Marcuse and Adorno, in contrast, argued that the Dadaist project was misguided for its attacks on conventional art. They saw art as an autonomous entity, separate from capitalist interests, and something intrinsically apolitical that must be preserved rather than aggressively undermined. For Adorno, art bears an essential negativity derived from its peculiar Form; its rearrangements of reality are conducted according to a system quite alien to those of capitalism. This â€Å"Form† grants art a: refuge and a vantage point from which to denounce the reality established through domination. While Adorno and Marcuse criticised the anti-artists for attacking artistic Form, they agreed with the avant-gardists in their slightly utopic aspiration of abolishing the distinction that existed between art and the rest of reality. In fact, Marcuse wished to see a society organised around the aesthetic principles he believed resided only within art. Both argued that this integration could not be achieved if artists were allowed to participate. Art should be kept apolitical and protected, in a realm conducive to calm reflection that might remind us of the truth an authentic life can afford us after the revolution. So, although they expressed their rejection of this view in different ways, the Dadaists, Surrealists and Situationists all aspired to a collapse of the distinction between art and the rest of life in present: â€Å"everyday life†. Instead of waiting for the revolution, all three argued that the integration of art and life was in fact necessary for the achievement of revolution, a revolution made possible only by a combined cultural, ideological and economic assault on capitalism. Asger Jorn, again, on the failure of the socialist revolution, â€Å"The capitalist revolution was essentially a socialization of consumption. Capitalist industrialization brought humanity a socialization as profound as the socialization proposed by the socialists that of the means of production. The socialist revolution is the fulfillment of the capitalist revolution. The one element removed from the capitalist system is saving, because consumptions richness has already been eliminated by the capitalists themselves†¦ Real communism will be the leap into the domain of freedom and of value, of communication. Contrary to utilitarian value (normally known as material value), artistic value is the progressive value because, by a process of provocation, it is the valorization of humanity itself. Since Marx, economic politics has shown its impotence and its cowardice. A hyperpolitics will need to strive for the direct realization of humanity.† Walter Benjamins Authentic Opposition: Crisis of Reproduction Walter Benjamin is probably Adornos most established opponent, particularly since The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, a work that concentrated upon defining the aura of traditional art preceding 1900, and assessed the decay of this aura under the impact of new media and cultural technologies. Benjamin argues that art has lost its authenticity because of mechanical mass reproduction in our capitalist-orientated culture industry. He is concerned about shifting attitudes to art, which came about as a consequence of the introduction of mechanical means of reproduction. Formerly unique objects, located in a particular space, lost their singularity as they became accessible to many people in diverse places. Lost too was the aura that was attached to a work of Art which was now open to many different readings and interpretations Unlike his Frankfurt School colleagues, however, and especially unlike Adorno, Benjamin argues, this loss of authenticity is actually a positive thing, because it democratizes and politicizes art. Benjamins claim that arts loss of authenticity might actually help free people, not enslave them in a capitalist culture industry starkly opposes Adornos ideas. In addition, each stage of reproduction of an original work of art also contributes to its loss of aura. According to Benjamin, then: culture has been transformed into an industry; thus art has become commodified; contemporary culture is the machinery by which oppressive ideologies are reproduced and disseminated; new media technologies such as phonographs, film and photography, serve to destroy arts aura and effectively demystify the process of creating art, making available radical new access and roles for art in mass culture; the spectator has become a collaborator and participant, who joins the author in determining the meaning of the production of the work of art. Art is successful only when it enables the critical contemplation of a viewer. Benjamin happily equates authenticity with authority- the authority of oppressive institutions such as the church or the state- and history. As Benjamin explains, the work of arts authenticity is the essence of all that is transmissible from its beginning, ranging from its substantive duration to its testimony to the history which it has experienced Until the 20th century, artworks retained their aura, their â€Å"authenticity† precisely because of their inability to be mass-reproduced, whether religious artifacts or one-off paintings commissioned by individual wealthy patrons. This conception clearly presents aura and authenticity as profoundly undemocratic, as the means of artistic production remain in the control of the rich and powerful, then able use such art to maintain control over the masses. The introduction of mechanical means of reproduction of art, particularly photography and film, caused the very foundations of this setup to be radically altered. For the first time it was possible for anyone to acquire the means to take photographs of a work of art, or at purchase an image of the work. However hard cultural elites in the late 19th century had tried to protect the aura of art works, the social advance of the masses and the invention of media such as film, which depends upon distribution to the masses, had led to the inevitable decay of the aura in the 20th century. Benjamin marks the distinction between manual and machine reproduction of art, The whole sphere of authenticity is outside technical, and, of course, not only technical reproducibility, he states, Confronted with its manual reproduction, which was usually branded as a forgery, the original preserved all its authority; not so vis a vis technical reproduction Benjamin states two reasons this occurs. Firstly, machine reproduction is more independent of the original than manual reproduction; secondly, technical reproduction can put the copy of the original into situations which would be out of reach for the original itself. So mass-produced copies are able to engage with the wider world in a manner not possible for the original or one-off copies. Benjamin summarises his ideas concerning reproduction by asserting the technique detaches the reproduced object from the domain of tradition. Many reproductions it substitutes a plurality of copies for a unique existence.† So to allow the reproduction to meet the beholder or listener in his own particular situation, is to reactivate the object reproduced, â€Å"It is these processes that lead to the tremendous shattering of tradition which is the obverse of the contemporary crisis and renewal of mankind In Benjamins conception, then, state and religious authorities have steadily lost the ability to control general access to such works of art, particularly since the 20th century began. This is most apparent in relation to the cinema, which destroyed the traces of aura with which art had been traditionally imbued; Benjamin cites arts historical value as a fundamental part of magical and religious rituals. In the process, capitalism strips art of its the idealistic, theological halo- to some extent a happy consequence and restorative, as it returns the art object to its non-utilitarian presence, its everyday reality. For Benjamin, an artworks â€Å"aura† refers to its uniqueness and the phenomena of distance, however close [an object] may be. He uses gives the example of distant mountains and a trees bough over head, both contain aura because they are images have not been effectively reproduced mechanically . Beyond the concepts of aura and authenticity, Benjamins concepts of reproduction and reversibility represent the core of his concerns about way in which arts role in society has been fundamentally altered in the 20th century. Benjamin proposes that the artworks aura of authenticity has withered away because of its reproduceability, and the process of reproduction brings art into closer proximity with a mass audience. However, paradoxically, as the authenticity erodes, the works essence becomes forefronted in the process, as it starts to become designed for reproducibility. As Benjamin describes it, â€Å"for the first time in world history, mechanical reproduction emancipates the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual. . . . From a photographic negative, for example, one can make any number of prints; to ask for an authentic print makes no sense. But the instant the criterion of authenticity ceases to be applicable to artistic production, the total function of art is reversed. Instead of being based on ritual, it begins to be based on another practice – politics†. Benjamins commentaries on the effects of reproduction inspired other writers, such as Lechte, â€Å"it is the process of reproduction as such which is revolutionary: the fact, for instance, that the photographic negative enables a veritable multiplication of originals. With the photograph, therefore, the spectre of the simulacrum emerges, although Benjamin never names it as such. The photograph as simulacrum by-passes the simple difference between original and copy† Barbara Krugers Situationism and the Irresistible Collage of Society Barbara Kruger addresses the negative aspects of capitalist society as an artist, writer, curator, lecturer and graphic designer. Her art is displayed both inside and outside museums and in a range of different forms. Occasionally her prints are framed and hung on the walls of museums and galleries in the traditional fashion, but Kruger is endlessly inventive, and often writes text to be printed or projected directly on the walls or floors of a museum. In Picturing Greatness, a photography exhibition curated by Kruger in 1987 for The Museum of Modern Art in New York, text was printed in large black type across a central partition. Kruger selected photographs for this exhibit from the museums collection, and according to the words on the partition, the photographs were mostly of mostly famous artists† who happened to be predominantly white and male. The text on the partition claimed the works can show us how vocation is ambushed by clichà © and snapped into stereotype by the camera, and how photography freezes moments, creates prominence and makes history. Krugers work continually questions the definition of art, artists and the ways in which â€Å"great art† should be exhibited. In this work, Kruger challenges the overwhelming dominance of male artists and draws attention to the females apparent invisibility in western art history. Just like the Situationists under Guy Debord, she has altered the meaning of art by rec ontextualising it. Crucially, the visitor to Krugers exhibition does not need to be familiar with the original photographs before seeing the show- even the uneducated viewer could read Krugers text, look at the original images and come to their own conclusions about the meaning. Thus the work achieves a kind of unique political democracy. Kruger has a background as a graphic designer, and as such creates effective bold images which are in many ways visually indistinguishable from advertisements, but rather than trying to sell a product, appeal directly to our social conscience. The subject of her text is always I, me, we, or you, as though Kruger engages in conversation with the viewer. Her messages probe the assumptions of the capitalist status quo: You are seduced by the sex appeal of the inorganic, When I hear the word culture, I take out my checkbook and We have received orders not to move. Similarly, Constant, of the COBRA group, proposed a city as a kind of physical expression of his utopia of â€Å"free play† which, in parts, bears striking resemblance to representations of the Internet, in books such as Mapping Cyberspace (with wild lines pouring out of the metropolis perhaps representing bandwidth and site traffic). Made with perspex and bike parts, Constants models and his diagrams for New Babylon demonstrate his yearning for future as something mobile, organic, animated, and self-celebratory. For Constant the city was a sort of perpetual festival of leisure. With its intricately connected wires suspending clear circular layers, ramps and walkways, Constants New Babylon recalls some kind of tensile organism. As Constant describes it, â€Å"The unfunctional character of this playground-like construction makes any logical division of the inner spaces senseless. We should rather think of a quite chaotic arrangement of small and bigger spaces that are constantly assembled and dissembles by means of standardized mobile construction elements like walls, floors and staircases. Thus the social space can be adapted to the ever-changing needs of an every changing population as it passes through the sector system.† Analogues with the Internet are irresistable. Equally, he could have been referring in a general way to those unique social structures which have grown from the anti-globalisation movement – structures which, although provisional, pragmatic and short term, are nevertheless ideologically committed to social change and serve as emblems of the ongoing struggle against capitalism, a battle fuelled entirely from reserves of creativity. Constants is city as collage, similar to that celebrated by the less politically motivated group, Archigram, in the UK (many of whose members now design massive architectural features for megaband stadium concerts). In this time of desperate connectivity and complicated layering of urban cultures, with invisible webs of communication engulfing us, the need to understand the city as a place beyond work and production seems more pressing than ever. The Situationist reaction to capitalism is also excellently expressed through anti capitalist collage: for example that of the General Lighting and Power group, whose slick mock-advertising images of soft focus female forms in leotards and computer graphics of office interiors and car accidents, wryly annotated with entertaining aphorisms such as: Aerobics is necessary: progress implies it (I see you baby, shaking that ass) and God is in the retailing Comparisons to Jenny Holzer and Barbara Kruger are obvious. Charles Rice, too, has observed the oversized billboard signs now proliferating in major cities, arguing convincingly that they serve to perpetuate the distance between the real and the impossible,these spatial fantasies effectively deliver identification with the distant and the unattainable† Many writers have noted the similarities between the Situationists idea of the derive (that is, the navigating of a city via means and routes other than those originally intended) and the experience of â€Å"surfing† the internet. Colin Fournier, architect and educator makes some potent observations on this area. It would seem that many of the characteristics of the internet reflect the S.I.s utopic city. The things considered prerequisite for their utopia: an ephemeral, negotiable type of city, where uses were determined by the population, surfing the web is like the idea of drifting or â€Å"deriving†, flaneur-like, through a city. The Situationist city and the web are uniquely flexible, anarchically dynamic: spacial relations secondary on any given route. The internet always seems to somehow recall the old Surrealist idea of using a map of one city to find ones way around another. Art as Capitalism: the Medias Re-appropriation of Images Increasingly, the media is becoming governed by imagery, and the average consumer is overwhelmed by visual information on a daily basis. Through sheer competition, the commercial sphere has been forced to use stranger, scarier, more extreme imagery to earn the attention of bewildered customers. Magazines such as Vogue have lured artists to their pages, where they are seen as innovative, visionary powers for re-inventing a complacent visual vocabulary. Thus, the traditional hierarchy of photography, in which the commercial and conceptual worlds were segregated, has been broken down into a fluid, integrated world- mutual respect has ensured that crossing the boundary either way no longer carries the taint or disrespect it once did. A new generation of artists have grown up with the rather cynical and postmodern idea that all things are commercially viable. Contemporary art school graduates are less likely to see their ventures into the commercial realm as contamination, and more as a necessary aspect of their endeavor. Commerce is incorporated into art at every level, from the means to the ends to the theme. That the common thread of art and fashion- the human body- has become such a commodity, seems like an obvious extension of this. Fashion spreads frequently borrow art photographers for their pages and mimic, in the case of Diesel and others, with considerable irony- the current art world trend towards narrative ambiguity and deliberately theatrical tableaux that recall â€Å"theoretical† artists like Jeff Wall and Cindy Sherman. Russel Wong is one such new generation artist, his work strongly informed by todays cultural fascination with celebrity. Wong has become famous through striking portraits of personalities from sports to music and movies, famous for capturing moments of vulnerability, warmth and humor. A number of Wongs photos have been used on the covers of international magazines. My photos are never confrontati

The Tragedy of Ambition in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- GCSE English

The Tragedy of Ambition in Macbeth      Ã‚   Shakespeare's tragic play, Macbeth, shares common themes with many other stories and actual events. Many scandals, both historic and current, can be linked to greed, ambition, and abuse of power.   Typically, the key figures are motivated by, and are inevitably destroyed by, ambition.   This is also the case in Macbeth, where ambition leads to the downfall of the once great character, Macbeth.    William Shakespeare's tragedy, Macbeth, is a play about a man's ambition to become king.   Since the first part of the witches' prophecy, "All hail Macbeth! Thane of Glamis"(I.i.52-53)! was already a fact, and the second part was fulfilled almost as soon as the witches pronounced it, "All hail Macbeth! Thane of Cawdor"(I.i.54-55), Macbeth begins to think the part, "All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King, / hereafter"(I.i.56-57)! might also come true because, "supernatural soliciting cannot be ill, cannot be good" (I.i.151-152).   Encouraged by his wife, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth murders King Duncan while he is a guest in Macbeth's castle.   As a result, Macbeth becomes king of Scotland.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to his critical essay on Macbeth, "Shakespeare and the Hazards of Ambition," Robert N. Watson comments asserts that ambition becomes the enemy of all life, especially that of the ambitious man himself, in this play (Watson 31).   Shakespeare puts on displays a man's lifelong aspiration that seems to be fulfilled, but at the cost of his mental and emotional well-being.   Macbeth's desire to gain wealth and status completely overpowers him, reducing him to something less than human.   Macbeth becomes ever more ambitious as his wife goads him and the witches tease him with more prophecie... ...them to walk away with a win.   Sometimes this is found out and the athletes are stripped of their honors; other times, the drugs are found in the athlete's corpse.   In either case, as with Macbeth, blind ambition can lead to a downfall, or even to death.    Works Cited and Consulted: Dominic, C. Catherine. Shakespeare's Characters for Students. Detroit - New York - Toronto - London: Gale Research, 1997. Garber, Marjorie. "Macbeth: The Male Medusa." Shakespeare's Late Tragedies, ed. Susan L. Wofford. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1996, 74-103. Scott, W. Mark, ed. Shakespeare for Students. Detroit - Washington, D.C.: Gale research, 1992. Staunton, Howard, ed. The Globe Illustrated Shakespeare. New York: Gramercy Books, 1979. Watson, Robert N. Shakespeare and the Hazards of Ambition. Cambidge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984

16th century Renaissance

Century Renaissance Art The 16th Century renaissance started in the sass's and ended in the sass's. The art of the 16th Century Renaissance was both spiritual and worldly. The 16th Century Renaissance is when two very important art movements took place, High Renaissance and Mannerism. Everyone was starting to take an interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome. (The History Channel Website) They were many artist geniuses who emerged out of this art era.There were also many, grand art pieces that emerged out of this art era. At the beginning of the 16th century the High Renaissance had started. This was also the time when Rome replaced Florence as an art epicenter. The High Renaissance is also when artist become aware of lines and depth in their artwork. This led to the discovery and the use of the one point perspective. The High Renaissance artists became famous for putting windows of what is behind the horizon in the background of their artworks. The Hig h Renaissance represented artists who wanted to do art their own way.The high Renaissance started in 1480 and continued on to about 1527. The high Renaissance as in Milan, Florence, Rome, and in northern and central Italy. (Shelley Essay) This was the time to be an artist because everyone who was wealthy wanted art. Their many artist of this time frame, but the most famous artists are Michelangelo Bonaparte, Raphael Sansei and Leonardo ad Vinci. (Art Cyclopedia) After the High Renaissance ended the Mannerism movement came about. It came about in the sass's and ended around the sass's. Mannerism was known for its formulaic, theatrical and overly stylized work.Mannerism art pieces are usually pieces of human forms in unrealistic settings. Mannerism is also known for its much limitation. This is also the time that women start being used as muses for artists. (Art Cyclopedia) It developed in Florence and Rome and then spread to northern and central Europe. Paintings contained artificial color and unrealistic spatial proportions. Figures were often elongated and exaggerated, the poses were creative and complex poses. Works of the movement are often unsettling and strange because of the Reformation, the plague, and the sack of Rome. The History Channel Website) There were a lot of important artist who emerged from this period, but the most famous artist would be Leonardo Ad Vinci. Leonardo De Vinci was born in 1452, in Florence and died in 1519 in France. He was an artist and inventor. He is known as the â€Å"Renaissance Man† because he was an inventor, scientist, sculptor, and a great artist. Ad Vinci had many famous works. One of his most famous works is the â€Å"Last Supper† (1495-98). The last supper is a painting of the last meal Jesus shared with his apostles. It also shows Jesus isolated, four groups of threes and Judas in the shadows clutching money. The History Channel Website) Another famous piece by Ad Vinci as the â€Å"Mona Lisa†( 1 503-05), which is a painting of a woman. This painting would be an example of Mannerism art. Ad Vinci was also famous for the â€Å"The Virgin of the Rocks† (1485). Some other great artists were Michelangelo Bonaparte (1475-1564), and Raphael Sansei(1483-1 520). Michelangelo was famous for painting the Sistine Chapel ((1508-12) and sculpting the â€Å"David in his native Florence† (1501-04). Raphael Sansei was famous for the â€Å"The School of Athens† (1508-11). The â€Å"School of Athens† shows philosophers such as Pluto coming together.Another great artist of 16th Century was Titan â€Å"Meeting of Bacchus and Ordained† (1 522), he was famous for using rich luminous colors. (The History Channel Website) One of the most important art pieces of the 16th Century Renaissance was the â€Å"Sistine Chapel† (1508-04) architecture. The Sistine Chapel took a period of four years to paint. It was painted by Michelangelo Bonaparte. The Sistine Cha pel is a painting of a few scenes of Genesis, from the bible. One of the scenes was the Creation of Adam. (The History Channel Website) Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for the Pope Sixths ‘V.Also, along with ceilings of the Sistine Chapel, the side walls are festooned with frescoes of Moses and Christ and portraits of popes. (The New World Encyclopedia) Another important art piece or architecture of the 16th Century Renaissance was the SST. Peter Cathedral in Rome. The old SST. Peter Cathedral was constructed in honor of the apostle SST. Peter, the first bishop and first Pope. The original was constructed by Constantine. The SST. Peter Cathedral in Rome was to be renovated, ordered by Pope Julius II. During its renovation it was directed more towards a Latin style but, then

Claude Debussy

Claude Debussy: The Father of Impressionism Claude Debussy was among one of the most popular twentieth century composers of his time. He is known for his famous â€Å"Clair De Lune† and â€Å"La Mer†. This impacted the 20th century music genre with his difficult impressionist technique. He was among the few to be influenced by symbolist poets and impressionist painters, which resulted in true originality. He was the founder of Musical Impressionism, and impacted numerous composers such as Maurice Ravel, Igor Stravinsky, Bela Bartok, Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Pierre’ Boulez. On August 22nd 1862, Claude-Anchille Debussy was born.He was born in Saint-Germain-en Laye, France. His father owned a shop where he sold china and his mother was a seamstress. He began to take piano lessons when they moved to Paris at age seven with an older Italian violinist named Certutti. His aunt kindly paid for them. His talent started to become noticeable, that in 1872 he entered the Pa ris Conservatoire and studied there for eleven years. While he was there he studied Composition, Music theory and history, Harmony, piano as well as organ and solfege. He started to favor dissonance and intervals that were not favored during this time.He was a brilliant pianist and a exceptional sight reader. Starting in the summer of 1880, he accompanied Pytor IllyichTchaikovsky where they traveled throughout Europe. He became the winner of the Prix de Rome in 1884 with his composition L’enfant prodigue. He then received a scholarship to Academie des Beaux-Arts which they provided a four year residence at the Villa Medici at the French Academy in Rome to further his studies into 1887. He composed four pieces that year that were sent to the academy. He then became interested with the Wagnerian Opera, which had a lasting impact on his work.He later died in 1918 of cancer. â€Å"I am trying to do ‘something different' in a way reality, what the imbeciles call ‘impr essionism' is a term which is as poorly used as possible, particularly by art critics. â€Å"(Debussy) Debussy was the father of impressionism. Impressionism was an early twentieth style of musical composition, which involved flourishing harmonies, clever rhythms and unusual wavering tones. It originated in France where Debussy was born and lived. It was about an atmosphere about music more than the emotion that is expected from music or a story like program music.It was all about shaping new sound effects. These effects included long atypical chords, fast moving sounds when it came to piano dynamics, bitonality, and developing interesting timbres of an instrument specific articulation. Impressionism was mainly focused on Dynamics and Instrumentation. It was created to draw impressions not to necessarily to draw a clear picture. It was designed to create a mood or an atmosphere. The use of Harmony was a big part of Impressionism. An example of Debussy’s work would be â€Å" L’isle Joyeuse† which was influenced by the painting by Jean Watteau.It has no harmonic purpose and sometimes the melody is everywhere, which means there is no steady beat. The piece, in a way does what it wants without following any rules. This was a major part of Impressionism. An example of Claude Debussy’s work that shows the style of Impressionism is â€Å"La Clair De Lune†. It was composed in 1888 and is the third movement of the â€Å"Suite Bergamasque†. â€Å"The choice of compound triple meter for this movement shows the contrast to the dance movements and helps allow Debussy freedom to articulate the music differently.In addition, Clair de Lune is compositionally, the most adventurous piece of the suite. The positioning within the suite is important; it is the suite’s third movement, and is the lyrical climax of the suite. The use of structure and proportion within the movement is significant; Most important of all, they show ways in which the forms are used to project the music’s dramatic and expressive qualities with maximum precision†(Howat 1). It’s original name was â€Å"Promenade Sentimentale†. It was not published until 1905. It was inspired by Paul Verlaine's poems and was influenced by Verlaine's earliest collections.The name means moon-shine or moon light and is the name of one of Verlain's poems. Another example of Debussy’s work of Impressionism is â€Å"La Mer†. Debussy composed it in 1903 and it was completed in 1905. He then premiered it that same year with The Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Debussy’s influence came from the painter J. M. W. Turner. They both had intertwining interests with the sea. With the rich melodic lines, to the rhythmic regularity, and the use of harmonic progressions helped create the sound of the waves Debussy was looking for. â€Å"We must agree,† Debussy writes, â€Å"that the beauty of a work of art will lways rem ain a mystery, in other words, we can never be absolutely sure how it is made†(Trezise 102). In my opinion, these were his best works because of how irregular his melodies are and how he harmonizes in each piece. His use of harmonies creates an atonal sound so that the chords do not sound nice or match together. He creates this â€Å"dream like† sequence that takes you off into another world. It is almost like you are sleeping, and dreaming at the same time in both pieces. In â€Å"La Clair De Lune†, it is more like a dream sequence that gives you the harmonies that are irregular.It also has no specific melody so it could possibly have no end. Both pieces are great examples of Impressionism and Debussy really knew how to make it happen. Claude Debussy was the father of Impressionism and truly changed the way someone can analyze music. He created a new movement in music that inspired other twentieth century composers to follow in his footsteps. With his pentatonic scale, and his use of atonality, Debussy shaped what was the era of new music. Without his interest in creating new things, today we would not have the fluence from him on impressionism.

Copernicus and His Gifts to Science essays

Copernicus and His Gifts to Science essays On February 19, 1473 Nicolaus Copernicus was born, destined to be one of the most influential men in scientific history. Throughout his years, Copernicus has contributed many thoughts to science. The Autograph De Revolutionibus, preserved in the Jagiellonian Library, is a result of work of the great scholar. In May 1514 Copernicus had written and tastefully distributed in text his Commentariolus, the first outline of those wiles eventually substantiated in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543). This piece confronted the geocentric cosmology that had been uncompromisingly accepted since of Aristotle. Copernicus proposed that the Earth along with other planets revolved around a central Sun could account in a simpler way for the same observed phenomena of the daily rotation of the heavens, the annual movement of the Sun through the ecliptic, and the sporadic motions of the planets. The new theory that Copernicus advocated in De Revolutionibus exhibits an irregular fusion of both drastic and traditional basics. But, Copernicus still held to the ancient Aristotelian principles of solid celestial spheres and perfect circular motion of heavenly bodies, and the entire Aristotelian physics of motion. He clung to the Ptolemaic version of planetary motion by means of complex mixtures of circles called epicycles. These aspects of the Copernican expositions do not alleviate the innovation or the impact of the final theory, or the author's unyielding certainty that his system was an accurate depiction of physical reality. The articulation of the heliocentric theory by Copernicus launched the foundation of the scientific revolution. The publication of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was a break through contribution in history. By referring to the Earth, a daily motion around its own axis and a yearly motion around the stationary Sun, Copernicus developed a thought that had vast insinuation...

Using different teaching strategies to improve the performance of Assignment

Using different teaching strategies to improve the performance of nursing students with different learning styles - Assignment Example Over the past years, the utility derived from matching the learning styles to the appropriate teaching methods has widely been discussed (Bostrà ¶m, 2013). It is believed that in a case where the students are presented with difficult information and new courses, a great change is observed when the individual’s learning style is correctly matched to the teaching strategy (Aina-Popoola, 2014; Luo et.al, 2014). This literature review seeks to establish the different student’s learning styles, the specific challenges facing the facilitators in nursing education as well as the creative teaching strategies that can be integrated in nursing teaching to improve on the learning efficiency. It is hypothesized that the different learning styles and teaching strategies have an effect on nursing student learning. The following literature review from the last five years therefore seeks to demonstrate and support this hypothesis. In a study by Amina and Houaida (2012) that sought to identify the learning styles preferred by the nursing students in Nursing and Technical Institute of Alexandria, 288 nursing students were involved in the study. 169 of the students were from the faculty of nursing while 119 were from the technical nursing institution. Both the comparative and the descriptive research study designs were used in the study. From this study, it was evident that the most prominent learning style preferred by the nursing students in Egypt was kinesthetic style. Further, statistical analysis of the data collected in the study revealed a significant difference between age and the score of the particular nursing courses. It is from these findings that the researcher concluded that there exist a number of learning styles preferred by the nursing students of which can be adequately exploited by the nursing educators in coming up with appropriate techniques and

Campaign finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Campaign finance - Essay Example Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney, forty-sixth vice president of the United States, has over three decades of experience in political service. Formerly a US representative and secretary of state, many saw Cheney as the ideal running mate for the relatively inexperienced George W. Bush in the 2000 presidential election.Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska on January 30, 1941, the son of Marjorie and Richard H. Cheney. He was raised in Casper, Wyoming, where the elder Cheney worked as a soil conservationist for the Department of Agriculture.After graduating from a local high school, Cheney earned a scholarship and traveled east to attend Yale University in Connecticut. He dropped out of school during his second year, due to his poor academic performance, and returned to Wyoming. Cheney went to work for a brief time before returning to school, first at Casper College and later at the University of Wyoming. In 1964, he married his high-school sweetheart, Lynn Anne Vincent. Cheney finally gradu ated two years later with a master's degree in political science.After graduation, Cheney received an educational deferment to avoid military service during the Vietnam War. He enrolled in a doctoral program at the University of Wisconsin, and launched his long political career in 1968, when he went to Washington DC to work for Representative William Steiger (R-Wisconsin) as a congressional fellow. Cheney was soon recruited by Representative Donald Rumsfeld, the head of President Richard Nixon's Office of Economic Opportunity, to work as his assistant. (Carney 82) Throughout the early 1970s, Cheney held a number of positions alongside Rumsfeld, who had become a mentor to the young political hopeful. He served as deputy White House counsel, assistant director of the Cost of Living Council, and deputy chief of staff for President Gerald Ford. To supplement his income, Cheney also served as vice president of investment group Bradley, Woods, & Co. Cheney's biggest break came in 1975, when he replaced his mentor as White House chief of staff after Rumsfeld was appointed as secretary of defense. At the age of 34, Cheney was among the youngest men ever to hold this position, which he held until 1976. During this time, he earned a reputation as a prominent player in the Republican Party. Washington Insider Beginning in 1979, Cheney served six terms in the House of Representatives, as a representative from Wyoming. Before his election to the House, he suffered a heart attack, the first of three coronary episodes he would endure before the age of 50. As chairman of the Republican House Policy Committee for most of his tenure, Cheney was known as a conservative, and voted strictly along party lines. When Republican Ronald Reagan became president in 1981, Cheney and his right-wing House colleagues were steadfast supporters of the new White House agenda. In addition to his vocal support for the "Star Wars" missile defense system, Cheney was in favor of military backing for the "Contra" rebels in Nicaragua, as well as for rebel fighters in Afghanistan and Angola. In the late 1980s, when he sat on the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Deals with Iran during the Iran-Contra scandal, Cheney defended the controversial actions of the Reagan administration and his fellow Republicans. On the domestic issue front, Cheney was opposed to gun control and abortion and in favor of prayer in public schools. He voted against the Equal Rights Amendment and re-funding the Clean Water Act. As a result of his loyalty to the party, Cheney became minority whip, the second-most influential position in the House, in 1988. His wife, meanwhile, served as the chairperson of the National Endowment for the Humanities from 1986-1993. Under Reagan's successor, George Bush, Cheney served as secretary of defense, and played a key role in directing the nation's military during the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The popular success of the

Global Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Issues - Assignment Example ent is not solely responsible for all the decisions made regarding foreign policies even though he is the primary architect and his participation is very important. The following groups also help in shaping the foreign policies; the senate, congress, intelligence agencies, departments of the cabinet, and the military (Ramachandran, Sita.  40). President Obama’s approach employs targeted force in a way that is of a responsible fashion. He is caring, respectful, confident and respectful. His leadership style is one that is mindful in decision making. He was a senator before his election to presidency. He was give birth in 1961 .He is a Harvard Law School and Columbia university graduate. He was a community organizer prior to graduating. Worked as for civil rights and taught constitution law. Former president George Bush used pragmatic and conservative approach in foreign policies. He was hard working, unpretentious, practical, ambitious, determined and forceful. He was born in 1946, a politician and a business

Literature as Knowledge for Living Essay Example for Free

Literature as Knowledge for Living Essay According to Vera M. Kutzinski in his introduction, Ottmar Ette was sent to the east of Germany after the reunification of Germany to strengthen academic institutions. There, universities were going to receive the so-called â€Å"Initiative for Excellence†, which would make German universities more competitive. But, when it came to application, a little percentage of humanities institutions were selected, because the focus was actually on science and technology. This fact was what fueled Ette to take a turn on his work and started to work on not trying to convince why literary studies were better or worth more attention or research, but to make skeptical see why society cannot do without literary studies. Ette’s official work on this matter is titled Lendemains, where he focuses on literary studies as something that society needs to survive and the relations established between human beings in literary terms. Below is presented a short review on his evaluation on this matter. Ette argues that literature and language do not seem to deal with language about life any longer. Instead, scientific and technological academic fields have taken over. So what has to be done for the humanities to deal with life again would be, according to him, reorientating the idea of life, which should be based on making society see how the humanities can improve how human beings live with one another, and this should be done together with the biosciences, creating an easily understandable language which allowed scientific and literary discourses to work together as equals. Ette also discusses how biotechnology and natural-scientific fields of study have become the â€Å"sciences of life† because it has been socially accepted, since their subjects of study have to do with life. And also how literary scholars do not pay attention to the humanities losing ground on this respect. So, according to the author, the concept of life should be changed from a bio-chemical, biophysical, and biotechnological and medical, to a cultural-literature-oriented one, as other scholars also maintained before (Leo Spitzer and his ideal of literature being the science that seeks to comprehend the human being to the extent to which he expresses himself in words and linguistic creations). Then, the author introduces the concept knowledge for living as the kind of knowledge inherent to literature, this is, literature having knowledge about or of life. But then, it comes the following question: how to acquire this knowledge for living? This could be answered (according also to Wolfgang Iser’s work) by the act of reading, this is: reading fictional literary pieces and having experiences through it that make the reader gain a kind of knowledge that he/she would not experience in their own life otherwise. This introduces the concepts of intratextuallity (the knowledge of living that characters of novels possess) and extratextuallity (the ways of acquiring certain cultural and sociohistorical knowledge for living), both of which influence the reader culturally, in their behavior, their life, etc. depending on what they read. These two dimensions of the knowledge for living constitute, at the same time, the knowledge for living together, which is acquired by the readers through literature as the conditions for people to live together which have been shaped all throughout history. In these terms, the author mentions Roland Basthers’ work Comment vivre ensemble, and how literary analysis could connect literature and life. This is, for example, how to live (in the novel), how certain people have lived (in biography), etc. In addition, these knowledges should take into account different contexts and cultures, gender and social differences, in order to be universal and valid. The conclusion of the author is that the humanities first need to realize the potential that they possess concerning knowledge for living which, in conjunction with the natural and social sciences, would give new perspectives for the exploration of art and literature as knowledge for living.

The Function Of Subtitle

The Function Of Subtitle According to Mitterer H, McQueen JM, their book named Foreign Subtitle Help but Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception. Understanding the foreign speech is not easy in common, especially because of unusual mapping between sounds and words. It is known that audiences in their native language can use lexical knowledge (about now words ought to sound) to learn how to pronouns an unusual foreign word in the movie. Subtitles are normally prepared in a movie, to provide lexical information, support perceptual learning about foreign speech for those audiences. According to Cai Q, Brysbaert M, his book SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Subtitles are also makes video more accessible for people with hearing disabilities or deaf. It is hard to listen when the unfamiliar regional accent is in unfamiliar foreign languages. The unusual foreign vowels and consonants may mismatch more with native sound categories, seriously will fail to match any native category. This situation arises, for example, when we watch a film in a non-native language, a Malaysian listener, fluent in English and Chinese, watching a Thailand movie. He or she may have considerable difficulty understanding the language used in the movie. To adopt all those films or movie into target language culture, filmmakers use dubbing, voice-over and subtitles to make the movie more acceptable to those foreign countries. Besides, subtitles can translate speech, signs, letters and show sounds to aid the deaf and hard of hearing to understand more and follow the plot of the film. According to encyclopedia, it said that subtitle is used to interpret previously unheard words in a movie for those audiences. The ability to encode rules and to detect rule-violating events outside the focus of attention is vital for adaptive behavior. Our brain recordings reveal that violations of abstract auditory rules are processed even when the sounds are absent. When subjects performed a task related to the sounds but not to the rule, rule violations impaired task related to the sounds but not to the rule, rule violations impaired task performance and activated a network involving supratemporal, parietal and frontal areas although none of the subjects acquired explicit knowledge of the rule or became aware of rule violations. The finding that this happens even when subjects do not present the sounds supports the hypothesis that abstract rule encoding occurs unintentionally. The temporal and structural characteristics of the relevant brain response (MMN) were virtually identical in all conditions, that is, when subjects were ignoring the sounds, when they attended the sounds but rules were task-irrelevant, and when they attended the sounds and rules were task-relevant.( Schrà ¶ger E, Bendixen A, Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Roeber U ,2007) According to the Wikipedia, It announces that subtitles displayed at the bottom of a movie or television screen that translate or transcribes the dialogue or narrative in the movie. It is also giving additional information about its content like monolog, mind-thinking and emotion. Those subtitles can be in different categories: narrative, forced, content, titles only, bonus, localized and extended/expanded. While distributing content, subtitles can appear in one of 3 types: Hard (also known as hard-subtitles or open subtitles), Prerendered (also known as closed subtitles are separate video frames that are overlaid on the original video stream while playing), Soft (also known as soft-subtitles or closed subtitles). The positive effects of subtitles According to Mitterer H and McQueen JM, their book Foreign Subtitle Help but Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception, what the group found the greatest advantage of subtitles is the fact that it preserves the original audio track. Thanks to the subtitles, the actors speak with their original voice, and the ambience sounds are not disrupted by voice-over or inserted dubbing recordings. When the audiences read the subtitles, they will more understand about the action, emotion and the expression by the actors in the movie. Thus, the audiences will become more interest and can be followed the part on the movie. The subtitles in a movie also focus on the speech act of characters. Audience can follow the movie by reading the subtitles at the bottom of the screen. It serve as an aid not only for the deaf and hard of hearing, but also for people who learn the foreign languages or who need visual aid aside form audio input for study. It is to ensure the studying foreign langua ge process is effective. So the effects are more important than lexical elements. Subtitles in the language of the film indicate which words are being spoken, and so can boost speech learning about foreign speech sounds and pronouns. The listeners can learn to interpret an ambiguous phoneme on the basis of disambiguating lexical contexts. That is why the movie always has prepared the foreign subtitles for the audiences. According to Cai Q, Brysbaert M, the book was named SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Subtitles given the prior work on lexical retuning within the native language, and the suggestion that adaptation to foreign-accented speech is in part lexically driven, may be lexical retuning also in second-language listening. That is, listeners may be able to retune speech-sound categories based on their knowledge about how foreign words ought to sound or pronouns. Within subtitles, those listeners can learn about unfamiliar regional accents in a foreign language in the movie by reading subtitles prepared. It is a mechanism of lexically-guided perceptual learning. English subtitles should give provided in the most of the films, because it is international language. It can provide the extra information about the words being spoken by a character. According to encyclopedia.com, subtitles are a very useful ways of communicating what is being said on the movie to deaf people. Subtitles are also used for many other reasons than this, and deaf people often prefer not to have them or to use another method because of the drawback of subtitling. In addition, foreign movie are often subtitled to allow the people who do not know the language to follow the action. As a good example, a lot of Thailand movie are subtitled with English for the audiences to make sure the movie acceptable by others in foreign countries like Malaysia. According to the United Kingdom News and magazine, there wrote some comment about the subtitles. Subtitles can provide an additional source of information about the words that being spoken, and hence the sounds being heard, and so ought to reinforce lexically-guided learning. Our database is the first to include information about the contextual diversity of the words and to provide good frequency estimates for multi-character words and the different syntactic roles in which the words are used. The word frequencies are freely available for research purposes. Subtitles are a good estimate of daily language exposure and capture much of the variance in words processing efficiency. According to the Wikipedia, it announces that subtitle is a blessing and it really helps the people to understand the plot of the movie. It is also not a problem for people who watching movie in an overload background music and ambient noise environment. It is a good reason why the parents can take care their child when watching a movie. If you do not understand a word that have been spoken by the actor, you may look at the subtitle, it helps hearing impaired people understand a movie. People will more understand what the characters are saying and get a better idea of what is happening. The negative effects of subtitles Subtitles are limited both in time and space. An average subtitle consists of one or two lines of text, maximum 35 characters each. This limitation combined with the fact that on subtitle is at most displayed for four seconds gives us hard time to cover long utterances in dialogs.(Richard Curtis, 2003) According to United Kingdom News and magazine, another main disadvantage is the subtitles are mainly aiming at literate people with reading skills developed to a high extent. It is required from audience to read quick enough and do not only concentrate on the subtitles, but also the image above or just behind the subtitles, and often requires from them to use both skills simultaneously. Is that impossible concentrates on both in a whole movie? Of course, for non-deaf people they can still hear the emotion in an actors voice even if it is in a different or foreign language but it is not easy to follow so many things. Other countries prefer to dub program and film-where an actor speaking the language of the country where it is to be shown is recorded over the original language. But this is costly and time consuming and only worth the while of the crew if it is to be shown to a large number of people. But again, similar arguments prevail with regards to nuances being lost-especially as the subtitles tend to be an exact translation rather than taking idiom into account, and emotions being lost. Leo Freedman has a comment about the problem. I saw a superb subtitle mistake a couple of month agoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there was a report on the news about a new employment policy that would benefit millions of unemployed and impoverished Indian citizens à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the subtitle read If this policy works, it may be set to achieve even more that my hammock man Ghandi! That kept me amused for weeks! Or maybe Muhatma had a hammock company I am unaware of? According to the Wikipedia, it said that translation of subtitling is sometimes very different from the translation of written text. Usually, the editor will watch the picture and listen to the audio sentence by sentence when a film or a movie is subtitled. The editor may or may not have access to a written transcript of the dialog. Especially in commercial subtitles, the editor often interprets what is meant, rather than translating how it is said, meaning being more important than form. The audience does not always appreciate this, and it can be frustrating to those who know some of the spoken language, because spoken language may contain verbal padding or culturally implied meaning, in confusing words, if not adapted in the written subtitles. The editor does this when the dialog must be condensed in order to achieve an acceptable reading speed, it purpose being more important than form. The result suggested that foreign subtitles are very helpful but that native-language subtitles provide no benefit or less benefit. Only one study focused on phonological processing; negligible benefits for non-native subtitles were found. Clear predictions can nevertheless still be made about the effects of subtitle language on speech learning. If lexically-guided retuning operates in second-language listening, and is open to any influence from subtitles, then the influence should depend on the language of the subtitles. According to encyclopedia.com, the native subtitles may be easier for observes to read, but providing misleading or misunderstand information about the phonological forms being spoken. If the audiences are more concentrated in reading the subtitles than is watching the movie, he or she will not learn the new language. The audience can hear the original sound, voice of the movie and see the correct timing of expressions on the actors faces as they speak their lines? This is hard to finish reading the subtitles at the bottom of a movie because it is past fast and not easy to digest. Lowering sight towards the bottom of the movie while reading the subtitles can become tiresome and/or distract from appreciating details, facial expressions and the emotion of those actors. The audience might be having such a good time reading the subtitle that is could prevent from watching the actual movie, it could block things in the movie and make audiences hard to focus on the action.