Compensation: Methods and Policies

CHAPTER 11- COMPENSATION: Methods and Policies Determination of Individual Pay: Manage must address to two questions in order to determine how employees are paid. First, how one employee is paid relative to another employee within the same company and performing the same job junction. Second, if the pay is different, then on what basis was this distinction determined-experience, skills, performance, seniority, higher performance, merit or some other basis. Organizations apply pay differentials to recognize employees’ different contribution to the organization, to communicate a changed emphasis on important job roles, skills, and knowledge, to emphasize the norms of the organization without having employees change jobs, that is promotion, to avoid violating the internal equity norms and to recognize market changes between jobs (page 328). Methods of Payments: 1)Flat Pay: Unionized firms normally implement the single flat rate of pay method by collective bargaining rather than differential rates of pay. These firms still recognize the differences between employees’ seniority and experience but choose not to recognize these variations when setting wage rates. 2) Payment for Time Worked: This is the most common way employees are paid in the form of wages (nonexempt and hourly paid) or salary (exempt and annually or monthly paid). Pays can be adjusted upward in 4 ways namely; general increase across the board, individual merit increase based on performance, cost of living adjustment (COLA) and seniority. 3) Variable Pay: Incentive Compensation. Based on international and global competitive, American businesses have now increasingly turned to variable pay plans as an attempt to link pay to performance and productivity to be competitive internationally. Pay methods can be flexible and can be built into the variable compensation plan by taking a total compensation approach which include the following three elements namely; base pay (serves as platform for variable pay), variable pay ( gainsharing, winsharing, lumpsum bonuses, individual flexible pay, etc) (page 330). Incentive compensation is a method of paying employees on the basis of their output either individually, to the work group or on an enterprisewide basis. 1) Merit Incentive is pay related to the individual performance. Traditional merit is pay from a higher base salary after the annual performance evaluation. 2) Individual Incentive: This is the oldest form of incentive plan where individuals are paid for units produced. The following forms are included under this method; piecework, production bonus and commission. Piece work can be straight piece work (sawing mill) or standard-hour plan (mechanic shop). Production bonus refers to employee hourly rate plus a bonus when the employee exceeds the standards (page332). Commission is based on the percentage of sales in units or dollars. 3) Team Incentive: This includes the entire groups’ incentive used to build the team culture. 4) Organizational Incentive: Reward based from shared profits generated by the employees’ efforts or money saved from the employees efforts to reduce cost (page 346). 5) Garnishing Incentive: These are â€Å"companywide group incentive plans that unite employees to improve organizational effectiveness through a financial formula for distributing organizationwide gains† (page 356. )

Globalization and Cultural Homogenization Essay

The rapid development of economic globalization and cultural globalization enhances cultural transaction between different countries. Even though in this process culture between different countries still has its own characteristic on the whole, the cultural homogenization has been presented in social life, especially in the media industry. This essay will discuss the definition of globalization and cultural homogenization, and the popularity of Hollywood movies in China, the phenomenon of convergence of TV programmers between different countries and Japanese anime elements in video games around the world will be given as examples to demonstrate the homogenization of media culture. Culture includes many aspects in people’s daily life such as the economic, politics, media. According to Appadurai (1990), â€Å"The key problem in the global interactions today is the tension between cultural homogenization and cultural heterogenization†. The cultural homogenization is the process that local cultures are changed or assimilated by the dominant outside culture (O’Connor, 2006). Globalization has its natural barriers like the differences in languages, geographical factors, religious and ethnics. These differences between countries could undermine the cultural homogenization. Take the political system as an example. Today there are different political system in different countries like the socialism in China and the capitalism in western counties like America and Australia. However the influence of globalization for the media cultural homogenization has been widely presented in people’s daily life. Under the background of globalization, the media culture makes the meaning of the globalization equal to the cultural homogenization. In the process of economic globalization, neoliberal ideology had spread. Neoliberalism advocates that business dominate the social affairs to make the national and international policies have a new order and the market can solve social problems by itself (McChesney, 2001). As a consequence, the power of political constraint on economic activities and global trade barrier has strongly weakened. It is good for the world famous media firms to expand their markets in different countries to extract profit. For instance, Hollywood occupied most of the world’s media market. It becomes a main medium by which people in different countries to understand American fashions, customs, scenery and the way of life (Hoynes & Croteau & Milan, 2011). According to Su (2010), between 1994-2007, China began to import 10 to 20 foreign films every year. Most of them were Hollywood movies. These Hollywood blockbusters caused unprecedented repercussion among the Chinese audience because these blockbusters could fit their aesthetic and entertaining need. At the end of 20th century, Hollywood films had occupied 70% of Chinese film market, but the nearly 100 films made in domestic just share 30% of the film market (Rosen 2002). With the rapid development of scientific technology, IMAX and 3D technology has been used in the film industry. The technologies further promote the Americanization in the world film field. The movies like Avatar and Titanic are examples of this. Hollywood movies created visual miracle and achieve large box-office profits one after another in China, even around the world. In order to have more market share, Chinese film producer also focus on importing American advanced film technology or the cooperating with the American film making companies. Recently year, China also has its own outstanding films like Tangshan Earthquake, but some Chinese audience felt it likes a Hollywood blockbuster because of American visual effect technology in the film. In the process of economical and cultural globalization, neoliberalism has been widely spread. The Hollywood has seized this opportunity and occupied large scale of world film market. So Americanization is a reflection of media cultural homogenization in the process of globalization. However, the media cultural homogenization not only in the Americanization of the film industry, but also appear in some TV programs. According to McChesney (2001), The rapid development of information technology further accelerates the process of globalization. It is easier for people to get media sources from different countries online for entertainment. From the page design to the organization of the content and the various functions of scheduling, the designing of many website have a high degree of consistency. People prefer to watch high clicking rate programs in Internet. National TV station also promotes to make the popular TV shows in order to improve the audience rating. In the process of TV program making, cultural and art workers’ copy or clone becomes a safe and efficient way in media. As a consequence, globalization makes media cultural homogenization a general form in media programs. For instance, the most influential media cultural phenomenon in 2012 is â€Å"The Voice†- a singing competition show began in the Netherlands to choose good singers from the public. Audiences were attracted by its novel and exciting competition mode. It had high click rating in the YouTube and achieved a great success in the world wide media industry. TV stations in different countries like Chine, Australia, and U.  S. also hold the same singing competition. â€Å"The Voice† has already become a media brand. Although the influence of this program in different countries are not the same, but the forms them themselves have strong homogeneous performance, the entire process of the programs from the beginning of the match to the final results are the same form which are borrowed from the western countries. The globalization also promotes the specific media firms became concentrated. In order to reduce risk and improve the profit-making chance, the convergence and consolidation became more frequently (March & Olsen, 1989). In this process, seven media corporations dominated the world media market those are Disney, AOL-Times Warner, Sony, Viacom, Vivendi, and Bertelsmann (McChesney,2001). Some media corporations put the popular cultural elements in their own production and released in the world media market. This can also lead to the media cultural homogenization. Take Japanese anime as an example. Because of its exciting story and exquisite character, it has large amounts of fans around the world. Sony is one of the seven major firms in the world media market. It is famous for its video games. According to Sinclair (2006), the releasing of the third generation of PlayStation brought Sony to the first place in video game industry. One of the unique features in its video products was the combination of anime features with their own video game product. Anime fans around the world also fund of the animation processing games. That directly leads to the animate of games from different video game corporations such as the Xbox in Software, the Wii and NDS in Nintendo. In order to satisfy the visual need for the Chinese game player,some Chinese on-line game producers also put anime elements in their games. Globalization leads to the media market dominated by particular corporations. Because of their media products have the same contents, the world media culture also presents the trend of homogenization. In all, cultural diversity still exist between different cultures, the concept of globalization could not be totally equal to the cultural homogenization and cultural diversity still exist between different cultures. However in the media industry, globalization can be seen as the equal form as cultural homogenization. By giving clear definitions of the two parts, and use the popularity of Hollywood in China, popular TV programs and Japanese anime elements in video games as examples to show that globalization is equal to media cultural homogenization. The trend of cultural homogenization is unavoidable especially in the media industry in the process of globalization. In the future, the world trade market is in a condition of full of challenge but also chance. All countries should mobilize various resources to develop public cultural, at the same time, people should follow the step of the times closely and understand and learn other countries’ cultural essences in a rational and correct way.

South Korea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

South Korea - Research Paper Example In any country, the daily life of people is guided by cultural practices and believes. In South Korea the daily lives of the South Korean people is guide by Century-old Confucian principles. These principles include among others dedication to hard work and a devotion to family and society. Another unique cultural aspect of the South Korean Society is the use of both the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar. The Lunar calendar, with its ties to the land and awareness of changing of seasons assist them in identifying seasons and activities of those seasons. Unlike other societies, their festivals and holidays are based on the lunar calendar so it is advisable that one take necessary measures when planning a visit to this country (Lee 13). According to Lee (13), another part of Confucianism deeply practiced among the South Koreans is the idea of the patriarchic system that regards fathers as the most responsible members of the family and gives elders very much honor. In addition, i n this kind of system, the fathers can only undertake certain activities of the society and in most cases; the father is expected to lead in everything a family does. The problem with such a system is when the father turns to be irresponsible or he is not there at all. These can lead to some of the important family activities failing. In addition, Lee (13) states that the most predominant traditional festival among the South Koreans is the traditional Jesa. This is a ceremony organized to honor the ancestors. In South Korea rice is the most popular food in South Korea, taken as the main dish at almost every meal. Other parts of the meals may include vegetables, soups, fish, and meat. The most common food among the South Koreans is kuk (soup) and chim (stew) made with vegetables, rice, and meat. In addition to this, they also eat kimch’i. This is a spicy, pickled vegetable dish, which is served with other dishes (Davis 13). Changing from a developing to a developed nation has resulted in the change of the diet of the South Koreas. These changes include the importation of beef that has encouraged meat eating and the availability Americans’ food such as bread, dairy foods, baked goods and fast foods (Drago and Goody 150). Therefore, no one visiting South Korea should be afraid of the issue of food. Like the Chinese, the South Koreans have the culture of using chopsticks to eat instead of the cutlery used by the Western countries (Davis 13). It is important to note that some in-depth South Korean issues can be of interest to us. Some of these issues include ceramics, paintings, sculptures, Architecture, and religion. In this case, I will discuss the issue of religion. This does not mean that other issues are trivial; they are equally important as they are rooted to this community and have been practiced for years. They have also been developing from generation to generation. There are various religions practiced in the country of South Korea. Accordi ng to Clark (29), these religions are in three main categories, which include established religions, newly raising religions and the popular religion. Established religions include Buddhism, Christianity, newly rising religion include unification of churches, and the popular religion include shamanism (Clark 29). The oldest religions in South Korea are ideas, shamanism, and animism. In these kinds of religion, adherence

Computer Security and Biometrics Research Paper

Computer Security and Biometrics - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that due to recurrent technological developments, information and communication technology frequently diverts in new dimensions. The research and development in the context of information and communication technology is very effective. Moreover, the new and advanced form of technology has also facilitated vulnerabilities and threats to be more intelligent. Organizations require advanced protection and security from these threats and vulnerabilities. In order to protect information assets, organizations emphasize on implementing logical and physical controls to protect and secure organizational assets. Security issues can lead to many different aspects. For example, if the server containing customer data is breached, organization will lose its credibility and trust among the customer and that will result in business loss. Similarly, if a critical system is hacked by internal or external sources, organization’s financial data along with goals and objectives can be revealed to other competitors. For securing logical and physical threats, organizations implement firewalls to deploy packet filtering, eliminating viruses and malicious codes, intrusion detection system to continuously sense the behavior of the network, biometric systems for physical authentication of employees, incident response teams to recover the loss on immediate basis and IP cameras to monitor their critical information assets on the network. System Security As per (Dhillon 451), there are three types of controls that will address the three systems i.e. formal, informal and technical. Example of each one of these is illustrated as: Formal control: Modifying organization structure Informal control: Security awareness Technical control: Restricting unauthorized access Formal controls provide assistance to technical controls, as they govern and address issues of integrity in application and data that may lead to high risk and cost. Likewise, in order to govern formal controls, assignment of jobs and responsibilities is vital, as this allocation of duties and responsibilities will set alignment with business objectives. Formal controls are associated with management aspect that will deploy strategic security management practices. The security management will select employees from all departments of the organization where necessary. Moreover, the security management will address data protection legislations, security audits, regulatory compliance, legal and insurance issues, hiring criteria for employees, misconduct, risk assessment, incident management and response etc. Informal controls are associated with security awareness programs considered as the cost effective tool used to aware employees for ‘do’s and don’ts’ while accessing data or information resources. As risk environment is constantly changing, a comprehensive education and security awareness program is extremely important that will conduct periodic awareness sessions for new employees, or new technology or any relevant risk that needs to be addressed. Therefore, the security awareness program should be considered as a ‘common belief system’ (Dhillon 451). Lastly, the technical control that is not limited to authentication of a user along with assigning proper rights on an application or operating system. In order to apply confidentiality to data, encryption, hashing, encoding methods are adopted by organization. Likewise, smart card is the most popular one (Dhillon 451). Moreover,

One of the key issues any nation faces is how to structure its trade Essay

One of the key issues any nation faces is how to structure its trade relations with other nations. A. How and why did England st - Essay Example During mercantile period, increase in exports over imports was considered the means to enhance national wealth in British colonies. Lahaye further points out that, The Navigation Act passed in 1660 limited the trade to be conducted by English ships and English seamen; and this encouraged English ships monopoly over trade within British Empire and highly limited the trade of foreign vessels within English ports. Further revisions of act improved the trade process in England. The revisions of act ensured that the trade shipped from its point of production to England or colonial port prior to its shipping to its foreign destination. At the same time, it also demanded the foreign goods set for colonies to be stopped in England prior to the distribution. This made England a well known centre for colonial trade. It encouraged the flow of goods through the country and thereby allowed the taxes to be levied. Further phases of Navigation Act grouped products as those to be shipped to ports wi thin British Empire and as those to be shipped to foreign countries. It also imposed regulations on the manufacture and trade of colonial products. British government supported products like iron, lumber, and other raw materials needed within Empire. At the same time, the colonial products that competed with products produced at home were discouraged. As a matter of fact, the mercantile system in Britain allowed for colonial monopoly over certain markets such as of tobacco and also provided the way for development of colonial shipbuilding. Free trade, as the name implies allows the free movement of goods, capital, and labor between nations. It provides specialization in manufacturing and export of products in a country overcoming all possible barriers of trade process. Free trade enables smooth conduction of trade between countries ‘without the influence or intervention of government through quotas or duties’ (Free trade explained). The scale of production depends on th e size of the market; if the market of nation is small, it may not encourage the producers to produce variety of products. Free trade combines individual markets with a larger world market proving beneficial to small sized markets. The expansion of the market size improves competition and enables the individual firms to enhance their trade. Free trade provides better economic environment for individual markets with the access to advanced technologies and better resource allocation. The feasibility of the technology helps domestic firms to connect with other individual firms abroad thereby enhancing the productivity of land and labor. This will also help industries in narrowing the range of goods and services. It ensures decrease in the costs of goods while maintaining the efficiency of utilized resources. Some of the factors that make free trade highly preferable for successful trade include the accessibility of enhanced production factors and free access to global markets. The unhi ndered access to global markets provides firms with the essential information on trends prevailing in the global market. As free trade improves competition, companies try to satisfy the customers with innovative products. Thus free trade amplifies innovative creations and improves productivity. Moreover free trade is advantageous in eliminating oligopolies and monopolies (free trade explained). However, free trade cannot be always regarded as the best policy due to

Newtons Law of Motion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Newtons Law of Motion - Assignment Example Where the gram mass is taken to be 0.001kg. Generally, force is the agency to make a change. Mechanically, a force is anything that changes an object’s velocity. Force is characterized as a vector quantity this is because it has both direction and magnitude. An external force, on the other hand, is a force whose source is off the considered system. The Net External Force that acts on the object the acceleration of the object in the force’ direction. The acceleration is directly proportional to force and indirectly proportional to mass. The SI unit of force is Newton. One Newton is defined as the resultant force that gives a one-kilogram mass an acceleration equivalent to 1m/s^2. A pound is equivalent to 4.45N. Newton’s First Law states that â€Å"An object at rest will remain at rest; an object in motion will continue in motion with constant velocity, except insofar as it is acted upon by an external force† (Bradner & Susskind, 2006). Force is defined as the changer of motion. Meaning that there is a conventional tendency of an object to maintain its current position. All objects tend to resist changes in their current motion state. When the unbalanced force is absent, the object in a moving motion will maintain its motion state. Conversely, Newton’s Second Law was framed based on the momentum concept. Therefore, it is the net force F, that acts on the object with a mass m is zero, the object will accelerate in the force direction. The acceleration is proportional to force and indirectly proportional to object mass. With force in Newton’s, mass in kilograms, and acceleration in m/s^2, the relationship between the three variables is written as When the forces applied to an object are the elements of the external force that acts on the object. It is common knowledge that heavy objects need more force to move similar distance as the lighter objects.  

Spanning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Spanning - Essay Example This helps in storing the same or similar data in one hard disk and thus ensuring that less data is lost. It also makes the work of the technician much easier in terms of referrals and work in general. There is a software that is used for putting large data in a smaller capacity hard disk. However, most people refrain from using this because retrieving the data may be much more hectic. For a person to retrieve the data, they have to sue the same software that they used to remove it (Robins and Salowe, 2005). In the process, a lot of data may be lost or even corrupted and thus making the entire point of storing information useless or pointless. It is important to note that people do not like to be tied to any kind of software for either storing or retrieving their information. In this case, they look for versatility and efficiency at the same time. For spanning to be effective, it has to consider how feasible it is and how possible it is to run and to maintain. There are other projects that are known to be not feasible. It would be useless to carrying out a spanning activity that would be detrimental to the actions that he wishes to perform. Issues of feasibility include cost, the acceptability and the appropriateness of the program. It would be useless to carry out an activity that is not appropriate for the action that is to be performed. In this case, the results would not be what is expected and thus make the whole work useless (Monma and Shallcross, 2009). Appropriate means that the action has to be compatible with the technology. For instance, it would be futile to try and use an outdated antivirus to eliminate a virus that has just surfaced. Chances are very high that the virus is beyond the antivirus and cannot be eliminated at all. This means that the person will have lost money when purchasing the antivirus, they will have

A comparative analysis of international business environment in china Essay

A comparative analysis of international business environment in china and russia to determine which of these countries is in better position to succeed in the new global economy - Essay Example In light of this, globalization refers to the progression towards unifying business interactions across the global platform as opposed to within a given country or organization’s locality. It is the framework upon which international business is structured, and is the direction that business transactions are taking in recent times. However, there are various conditions that define the international business environment, and as such, this affects the success rates of various nations in succeeding in the new global economy. To this end, a comparative evaluation between Russia and China can highlight their viability in the new global economy. As such, Russia stands a better chance of succeeding in the international business environment and being the future of the new global economy when analyzed against China. For a start, Russia’s foray into the international platform started with its rich history as highlighted by its supremacy during the cold war. The cold war was a period of military and power tussle between the countries of the eastern and western blocks after the end of the 2nd World War (Bellacqua 2010, p. 99). The Western Bloc was largely represented by the United States while the Eastern Bloc was represented by Russia, then known as the USSR, and its allies. The cold war was largely psychological and never developed into a full-blown war. However, by being part of it, Russia gained a lot of exposure and experience in worldly relations and overall familiarity with international participation in matters of both national and international interest (Levin 2008, p. 154). As such, this gives it a much needed head start in being a globalization and international business powerhouse, as it has better experience in international relations. In order to succeed in globalization, inte rnational relations is of particularly significant importance as international business involved relations between nations and regions in

The last scene Essay Example for Free

The last scene Essay The monster eventually gets up the courage to introduce himself to the old man (Mr Delacey). The old man is blind, so I think the monster thought that if he met the old man, the man would look below the skin and get to know the monster on who he is, not what he looks like. The old man is welcoming to him; he offers him food, warmth and overall friendship. He speaks in a kind manner at one stage he says there is something in your word which persuades me that you are sincere. In Mr Dalaceys words, he really does come from the heart and it is the greatest and kindest way that anyone had spoke to him so far from his original creation. At the end of this chapter, the monster is found with the old man, by Felix who is the old mans child. Immediately he strikes out and attempts to kill the monster. He beats him with a stick till the monster eventually left. At this point, you begin to start feeling sorry for him, as he has no friends, family or even any dignity. As he leaves the house, you begin to wish that you were the old man, and wishing that someone would actually run after the monster and tell him youll help him, and be friends with him because in this chapter this is all I think he needs, is someone there for him. After he was beaten he treks across the wood-land, until he meets a little boy who comes running up to him. The boy starts to make a fuss and reveals that his brother is Victor Frankenstein. He seeks revenge by killing the boy. At this stage in the novel you seem shocked, from what we thought was a change in character in the last scene, where he seemed so sweet and innocent, he has now just killed a boy in revenge for Victor. At this stage you can tell that his character is defiantly changing. You can hear this in his words, for example he says to the little boy I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim. When we read the last chapter you would never have imagined the monster saying this to a little boy. The monster seeks revenge to Victor, as Victor left the monster on his own, with no friends in the world and no clue what-so-ever of how to speak or to seek any kind of help. After the monster seeked revenge, he finally reunited himself with Victor. He tells Victor all about his troubles and his problems that he has faced since Victor abandoned him. But Victor turns around and tells him to go away and leave him alone, but the monster keeps speaking and asks Victor to create another human, for The monsters wife. But Victor responds with; Begone! I do break my promise; never will I create another like yourself. To this comment, the monster becomes furious with him, and threatens to make his life hell until he does. I feel more sympathy for Victor as he has no other choice, the monster has already killed his son and he knows that the monster is willing to go further. The monster does use threatening language in this scene though. At one stage he gets so angry he says; Remember that I have power; you believe yourself miserable, but I can make you so wretched that the light of day will be hateful to you. This means that Victor may-be miserable now but the monster is willing to make it a lot worse.  The monster demands that Victor should make him a wife, because the monster has had enough of being a freak and being on his own, he wants someone to be there for him and someone who actually understands what he is going through. The monster decides that if Victor does this one thing, he will leave him in happiness forever. Victor refuses to do this as he doesnt want to create something the same as the monster. As he would be constantly worried. At this stage I do still feel sorry for the monster, he is still all alone, no-one there for him to speak to.  The monster finally decides that if Victor wont create a companion for him, then he wants to be killed. He is fed up of being alone, and all he wants is someone. But no-one will give him that someone. He is also annoyed on how he has turned out, for example him killing the innocent. My quote to this is when the monster says; I am a wretch. I have murdered the lovely and the helpless; He understands what he has done and I still feel sorry for him. At the end of the day, it is true, if someone looked like the monster in our country, people would treat him as an outsider. He would constantly be attacked. Underneath his skin he proved that he was a nice person, but he had a temper, which I believe was the cause of Victor leaving him. The monster was always seeking revenge and he finally got what he wanted.  Mary Shelley must have had a vivid imagination, as well as a scary one. This novel isnt a horror story like people may think it is in-fact a deep down romance. It isnt a love story, but how the monster describes the leaves on the trees and the flower beds, it definitely comes across in a romantic way.

Modern Figurative Art Essay Example for Free

Modern Figurative Art Essay The artists used darker colours from the 1830s to the 1860s, and the main subject of the paintings were simple portraits of significant people or self portraits of the artists themselves. As you move further through the sections, there are more scenic and historical paintings, as well as paintings showing everyday situations of the time. I found interesting the amount of landscape/nature paintings, as well as paintings depicting life in Canada in their respective time periods. By the end, we get the more expressionits and abstract paintings that get larger in size as time progressed. Finding Meaning in Art  Ã‚  Art asks us to find our own meaning at times. Find the large work Pavane by Canadian artist Jean-Paul Riopelle in gallery A111.  (a) How is the artist trying to convey meaning?  I think Riopelle is trying to convey meaning in the work by using three very large canvases and a wide variety of colours to attract the viewers attention. When you walk into the room the enormous size of the painting get your attention immediately. The three sections are divided for a reason finding in the middle the widest spectrum of colours and other less stand out colour in the surroundings. A very abstract painting, you can tell alot of effort and time has been put into Pavane. (B)What is your interpretation of Pavane?  It took me a long while to try to understand Pavane, I couldnt really see past the simple strips of coloured paper, and the huge size of the painting, then after a couple of minutes of studying and walking around it I began to notice how the main colours are in the center and arent just thrown into the painting randomly, it is very different to the other paintings in the room so I thought perhaps Riopelle was trying to make this piece more modern than the other pieces of work of the time. Trying to be different and to stand out as an artist, just like the colours in Pavane, to be the center of the art world. When I researched Pavane online, I found that it was partially true, because after making this painting he became very successful in the cultural scene.  Nature, Mathematics and Art  After you are through gallery A114, go into the garden. There is a metal piece of art which looks like DNA. You are allowed to play with this if you choose. Look at the plants more closely.  Ã‚  (a) Is nature itself art? If so, does that mean everything is art? Nature is not art, but is the basis of it, its there so we can turn it into our own personal interpretation of it. Its when a human takes nature and creatively does something with it so that it influences and affects the senses, emotions, and/or intellect that it actually becomes art. Human intervention is what makes Art, Art.  (b) Do you think computers can create REAL art on their own, or are people required to create art? Computers cannot create art because they are incapable of having emotions and to convey meaning to a work of art. Besides, computers are made my man, so if a computer creates art, it is because a human has programmed the computer to able to create it.  Architecture  Next to the fern garden is the now reconstructed Rideau Street Convent Chapel. Sit in it for a moment to rest.  (a) Do you think this chapel has a rightful place in an art gallery? Why or why not?  I think the chapel doesnt have a rightful place in the art gallery because even though its very pretty and decorative I found it to be too modern for my liking, and also didnt have much to do with what the subjects in the previous rooms were. There was religion influence in the some paintings but in the majority. It would be conveniently placed in a section that includes more religious sculptures and works of art. (b) What qualities do you think buildings need to be called good architecture?  Good architecture is a building intentionally done to communicate a certain message and that took a lot of hard work and thought into making. If it is creating solely to serve a purpose it is not art, but if it also has an idea or a message built into it, its when it becomes art.  (c) Excluding Parliament Hill, Chateau Laurier, Supreme Court of Canada, the National Gallery of Canada, museums, or any other government building Name one building in Ottawa you consider art and one building you think is not art. Explain. I found the Notre Dame Cathedral very impactful when I first got here, I think its art because it was built not just as a church but to evoke a religious response from people, the originality of the silver material its made from make it an attractive and artistic structure.  A building that is not art would be just a regular ScotiaBank office building, this is because of many reasons, there was no emotion or idea put into it, its is not attractive of artistic in any way and there are many of these in almost every Canadian city, which takes out its originality.

Key Facts About Madagascar Tourism Essay

Key Facts About Madagascar Tourism Essay Tourism can be a great development tool, stimulating economic growth, enhancing the economy, and contributing to poverty within almost all sectors of a society. In Madagascar, where poverty is common and where the poor put pressure on the natural resource base, tourism can generate positive externalities on the third party. First tourism creates places of economic growth in regions on the island that have no alternative sources of income and employment. Tourism helps to reduce poverty by diversifying income sources. Second, tourism, can help to preserve the environment, whether for ecotourism or for resort-based tourism, meaning that most of the products used are ecologically efficient. The current Madagascar tourism assets have great prospects however are not fully realized and developed. Tourism is complex and requires its own analysis, particularly as it is one of the largest in the world and rapidly consolidating into a few large players, moreover it becomes a sector of the econo my that annually increases its role in the total economic section so to say. More needs to be done to build a dynamic partnership between business and tourism, in recognition of the fact that a sound business plan for tourism, an effective environmental plan, and a framework for social appreciation are mutually reinforcing and that absence of one may put the others into question. This is why it is important to balance the sectors and all factors that could have an effect on the country and its tourism prospects. 1.Key Facts About MadagascarMacintosh HD:Users:IrinaMalysh:Desktop:ma-map.gif Madagascar is located in southern Africa on a separate island in the Indian Ocean, next to Mozambique. The Coast line of Madagascar is relatively huge 4,828 km. the climate of Madagascar is tropical along the coast, temperate inland and arid in South. Madagascar is worlds fourth largest island with a strategic location along Mozambique Channel.  [1]   Source: The CIA, World fact book Madagascar, mapMadagascar has a magnificent range of biodiversity, nature and cultural resources to support tourism. However, out of the 200,000 visitors the island per year, only about 60,000 come expressly for tourism, the res are traveling for different other reasons but which can include some tourism activity. Madagascar has the potential to welcome many more tourists if the sectors growth is well planned in a broad way focusing on economic aspects, infrastructure and environmental and social concerns, particularly for community participation. Also we would like to mention some key facts that are influencing Travel and Tourism in Madagascar: 1.GDP: Direct contribution The direct contribution of Travel Tourism to GDP was MGA1, 095.8bn (5.4% of total GDP) in 2011, and is forecast to rise by 13.9% in 2012, and to raise by 4.4% pa, from 2012-2022, to MGA1, 924.8bn in 2022 (in constant 2011 prices). Total Contribution-the total contribution of Travel Tourism to GDP was MGA3, 005.2bn (14.9% of GDP) in 2011, and is forecast to rise by 11.6% in 2012, and to rise by 4.3% pa to MGA5, 086.2bn in 2022 2.Employment: Direct Contribution-In 2011 Travel Tourism directly supported 197,500 jobs (4.3% of total employment). This is expected to rise by 13.6% in 2012 and rise by 2.8% pa to 297,000 jobs (4.8% of total employment) in 2022. Total Contribution-In 2011, the total contribution of Travel and Tourism to employment, including jobs supported by the industry, was 12.5% of total employment (577,000 jobs). This is expected to rise by 11.2% in 2012 to 642,000 jobs and rise by 2.7% pa to 835,000 jobs in 2022 (13.5% of total). 3.Visitor Exports: Visitor exports generated MGA1, 397.5bn (26.6% of total exports) in 2011. This is forecast to grow by 13.8% in 2012, and grow by 5.0% pa, from 2012-2022, to MGA2, 582.2bn in 2022 (24.7% of total). 4. Investment: Travel Tourism investment in 2011 was MGA590.4bn, or 15.5% of total investment. It should rise by 6.7% in 2012, and rise by 3.5% pa over the next ten years to MGA884.7bn in 2022 (14.9% of total).  [2]   Also, extremely important factor for country is its own World Ranking between other countries, which provides us with information considering whether the country is doing well or not. The details about Madagascars world ranking is showed below. 2. Madagascars Rankings Also, an extremely important factor for the country is its own World Ranking between other countries, which provides us with information considering whether the country is doing well or not. The details about Madagascars world ranking is showed below. Source: Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2012 MadagascarMacintosh HD:Users:IrinaMalysh:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-11-28 at 8.03.06 PM.png According to statistics, Madagascars travel tourism is playing an important role within its country. On one hand, its providing a total amount of more than 577,000 jobs annually, on the other hand, economical wise, its contributing to the 14.9% of the countrys GDP with US 0.5 billion in 2011. In the Travel and Tourism Ranking of 2011 of 181 countries, Madagascar is placed 120th at Direct Contribution to GDP and Total Contribution to GDP, 56th at Direct Contribution to Employment, 49th at Total Contribution to Employment, 98th at Capital Investment, 111th at Visitor Exports. All these numbers are estimated to be continuously moving upwards. Madagascar has moved to the 3rd growing country among all. Thus forecasting the long-term growth over the next ten years starting from 2012, Madagascar is predicted to move up from 120 to 87 out of 181 countries. In Madagascar, the International promotion is under the responsibility of the Maison du Tourisme. Yet, as a major potential exotic location for increasing foreign tourism, international tour operator has pointed out the fact that the government has not been distributing enough funds currently to promote the country. Worldwide countries that have successfully promoted and established a steady beneficial income from tourism, they normally combine efforts and findings from both public and private sectors. Kenya for example, ranking 75 in the survey of Travel and Tourisms Direct Contribution to GDP of 2011, with only two wildlife destinations is already willing to spend more than US $ 10 and 23 million respectively on tourism promotion. Madagascar, position at 120, was only providing US 150,000 for promotional budget annually. Tourist numbers cannot continue to grow at the pace of recent years for much longer, unless some of the constraints are removed. If Madagascar ever succeeds in removing the constraints and moving forward to expand its tourism sector, following up with supporting plans to new investments projects with an effective promotion and marketing campaign, the potential economic growth is almost unlimited. As related to this issue, a resolution to the current financial shortage of the Maison de Tourisme should be proposed. 3. Visitor Exports and Investment Visitor exports are a key component of the direct contribution of Travel Tourism. In 2011, Madagascar generated MGA1, 397.5bn in visitor exports. In 2012, this is expected to grow by 13.8%, and the country is expected to attract 232,000 international tourist arrivals. By 2022, international tourist arrivals are forecast to total 381,000, generating expenditure of MGA2, 582.2bn, an increase of 5.0% pa.  [3]  Macintosh HD:Users:IrinaMalysh:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-11-29 at 6.34.42 PM.png Source: Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2012 Madagascar Travel Tourism is expected to have attracted capital investment of MGA590.4bn in 2011. This is expected to rise by 6.7% in 2012, and rise by 3.5% pa over the next ten years to MGA884.7bn in 2022. Travel Tourisms share of total national investment will fall from 16.1% in 2012 to 14.9% in 2022.  [4]   Macintosh HD:Users:IrinaMalysh:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-11-29 at 6.34.51 PM.png Source: Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2012 Madagascar 4. The Size and Characteristics of the Tourism Sector Another important factor that influences the Travel and Tourism Industry is the size and characteristic of  Tourism Sector as such. In this section of the report we will look at certain questions like: how many tourist visited Madagascar, which country are they traveling from, how long do they stay, what time of the year they travel. Also as well as what are their socio-economic characteristics and how much are they spending while in Madagascar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Madagascar is affected by economical events constantly, which actually affects the inflow of tourists to the country. For instance, September 11, 2011, undoubtedly had an impact on Madagascar and may even have contributed to a spike in tourism as travelers sought safer destinations. Secondly, the political events in Madagascar itself were probably of far more important than September 11. The prolonged political stalemate resulted in visitation to the island plunging, hotels could not find supplies for businesses and were forced into bankruptcy or to sell assets to maintain their properties. There is no way in which such effects can be programmed with any degree of realism into projections of growth. 4.1 Tourist Arrivals In 2001, 170,208 foreign visitor arrivals were recorded, compared with 74,619 in 1995 and 52,923 in 1990, according to the Ministry of Tourism. Year 2002 was pretty much a disaster for tourism in Madagascar and up until now the country is still recovering from it. The relatively low number of foreign tourists were recorded as visiting national parks (54,440 in 2000) these tourists generally visit more than one park during their stay, hence there is a great doubt on the total figure of 160,071 tourists (2000). Possibly, some visitors may escape being recorded as they enter the national parks, but the numbers still seem low in relation to the claim of 160,071 total visitors. The visitor survey undertaken in 2000 indicates that 63% of tourist visitors state that tourism is the main purpose of their visit. This suggests that of the 160,071 arrivals in 2000, only 100, 845 were real tourists so to say. Moreover there are fake tourists, meaning that business travelers use tourist visas to have business in Madagascar. This suggests that the number of real tourists may have been somewhere between 68, 054 and 100, 845 in 2000. Undoubtedly, some visitors who are not tourists will behave as tourists for part of the time they are in Madagascar, i.e., they will use hotels and related services in major cities, and places. These people are called internal tourists, because they travel outside their usual living place.   4.2 Local transport They will probably make a couple trips to the parks, shops, restaurantetc. by using a method of transportation. They may also buy handicrafts and other souvenirs; clearly the souvenirs will vary occurring to the nation. Nevertheless, the distinction between a tourist and a non-resident visiting a country for other purposes must be maintained in order to plan effectively for the needs of tourists as well as give a clear estimate of the real visitors coming. The Government is aware of tourisms statistical problems and, with financing from the EU, has undertaken two sample surveys, the most recent in 2000, to help correct and supplement existing data going into economical terms equalize demand and supply to an equilibrium point. Visitor surveys are expensive to undertake and, though they provide valuable data on visitor characteristics, should not substitute for standard data collection at points of entry otherwise a chance exists that a survey can be not as efficient due to the fact that people can be surveyed more than once. The Government recognizes the need to improve the statistical base for tourism but is constrained by lack of financing hence they are short on the supply of either the needed machinery or working labor. There are significant opportunity costs attached to not knowing the size of a sector that has the potential to become a significant generator of jobs, foreign exchange and taxes, as well as stimulate production of go ods and services in other sectors, hence the government has no choice but to give something in return, i.e. the agricultural sector. A tradeoff between the two sectors will be present. These costs may persuade the Government to find the money and/or a donor to assist with the important task of improving the tourism database. Moreover this can be done through the tradeoff meaning that the government pulls funds out of agriculture or military or education, etc. and transfers them to the tourism sector. 4.3 Countries of Origin France dominates the market with 60 % of foreign visitors, broadly defined and not exclusively tourists. This however is because French love travelling within a country that shares the same language; hence Reunion was a perfect place. Language and a partial common heritage, added to the frequency of flights from Paris and Reunion, are the reasons for French predominance. Italians are the next largest contingent with 12%, followed by US (4.2%), Swiss (2.9%), Germans (2.8%) and British (2.2%). Given the quality and variety of assets in Madagascar, and the European appreciation for eco/cultural tourism, the small percentage share of these countries, other than France, simply indicates unrealized potential demand in those markets. 4.4 Seasonality of Arrivals. Peak months are consistently August and July, when about 21% of tourists arrive, 37 % of tourists arrive from September to December. The lowest month is February after which arrivals build up steadily to the peak months.   4.5 Average Length of Stay. The 2000 visitor survey suggests that the average length of stay for foreigners visiting relatives is 24 days, but for bona fide tourists it is 20 days. Tour operators confirm that tourists stay at least two weeks and sometimes up to three weeks clearly long term stays are beneficial for Madagascar. As noted below, the average combined length of hotel stay is 15 days. The data may be influenced by the large numbers of those visiting friends and relatives and by other non-residents, such as the scientists and potential businessman who are likely to be long-stay visitors. The exact length needs to be confirmed for planning purposes otherwise it becomes impossible to keep track of the individual tourists travelling in and out of the country. Ideally, the length of stay should be determined for at least two broad categories of visitors; eco-tourists and resort tourists, and by type of accommodation. The average length of stay in the National Parks is said to be 1 3 days depending on location, the quality of accommodation, and services for tourism. Clearly looking at the types of restaurants visited, the transportation methods, etc. can broaden the type of tourism and hence narrow it down even better. 4.6 Gender, Age and Income Levels of Tourists According to the survey, the majority of tourists traveling to Madagascar are men (64%). Nevertheless this statistic also suggests that not all visitors are legal tourists and, in this case, may be businessmen declaring themselves as tourists to overcome visa problems and other factors that could stop them. Over 60% of tourists are between 30 and 49 years old, but the median age is below 40. This once more underlines that there is high chance of them being businessman in their midlife looking for attractive offers and opportunities. Nearly three quarters of tourists are highly educated. Nearly two-thirds of visitors are professionals or heads of businesses/ enterprises hence coming to the country not only for leisure purposes. From observation, a significant number of tourists are backpackers. The term backpacker can include the adventure tourist, who is often quite well off, as well as the student hiking on a low budget. Madagascar welcomes a broad range of tourists, with backpackers at one extreme and those arriving through international tour operators at the other. For planning purposes, more needs to be known about the different requirements of each tourist and there approximate number and time of stay. 4.7 Tourist Expenditures The survey showed that, on average, tourists spent a little over FF 16,205 (roughly $2,000), including international travel costs on their visit to Madagascar. The survey also found that the average cost of the trip changed according to whether the tourist traveled as an individual, a pair, a group, or an organized tour. Tourists using tour operators paid FF 17,300 before departure for the combined package of air travel and accommodation in Madagascar and spent an additional FF 3,494 during the visit, for a total expenditure of FF 20,794. Those traveling alone spent FF 7,885 on their air ticket and FF 6784 while in Madagascar, for a total of FF 14,669. This statistic illustrates the weight of the airfare in the total package-well over 50%, which is high by international norms. Moreover this underlines that using tour operators is not always more beneficial. As in this example 6,000 FF could have been saved. The breakdown of expenditures in Madagascar by those who did not use a tour operator was as follows: 1. Accommodation and food 50.5% 2. Internal travel 24.1% 3. Excursions (Parks) 11.5% 4. Souvenirs 8.7% 5. Other 5.2% Tourists traveling with tour operators will have prepaid their holiday in their country of origin so that expenditure in Madagascar, as reported to a visitor survey, is incorrect, hence signifying that the survey brought more misunderstanding, moreover the money spent on the travel agency didnt go directly to Madagascar but firstly came to the HQ of the tour company and only part of the income was given to Madagascar.   The survey cannot take account of transfers made by the international tour operator for lodging and services used by tourists in Madagascar. It is often that a hotel located inside a country works with specific tour operators at specific given prices. 4.8 The State of Knowledge about Demand for Tourism As the above analysis shows, much of the data related to tourism is questionable and/or insufficient to help formulate policies for the sector and address the questions raised at the beginning of this section. Madagascar needs to improve its collection of data on visitor arrivals at key frontier points. This can be done as already stated, by creating a trade off between the economical sectors in the country and balance the needed funds. Because of the relatively few entry points, islands like Madagascar should have less difficulty in identifying tourists among other foreign visitors. At the same time, Madagascar has done well to conduct visitor surveys because that are revealing about the characteristics of tourists. The government is able to tell that a lot of tourists use the wrong visa for the purpose and hence a better control system has to be put in place. The next visitor survey that Madagascar undertakes could address some of the anomalies raised in this section. The Government should also examine the reports that the tourism industry itself (hotels, tour operators, ground transportation, airlines) provide for other purposes (taxes, licensing, etc.) to help improve its database. The industry itself would benefit from better databases and communication between the country and the tourist.  [5]   5. Negative Social Impacts of Tourism Around the world, many countries are facing not only positive aspects of tourism, but as well negative. In Madagascar this problem is related with increase in prostitution at its worst of child prostitution. The Ministry of Tourism of Madagascar realized that there is a high level risk of child prostitution, especially in Nosy Be and Diego. Moreover, there are rumors of linkages to the international pornography circles, which move this problem on the international level. Additionally, Madagascars government started a strong campaign against abuses which tourist does to the prostitutes. The campaign actually states that offenders will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, and send back home due to the international pact considering abuses. Furthermore, The Ministry of Tourism noted that actually extreme poverty drags people to send their children to earn money for the family in prostitution business. The World Tourism Organization recently published a Code of Ethics and all me mbers, including Madagascar are encouraged to adhere to its principles  [6]   6. Accommodation and Tourist Services The following sections analyze the supply side of the tourism sector, i.e. hotels and other tourist accommodation. Little information is available about tourism-related services, e.g., the numbers or operations of restaurants, scuba diving instructors, and other related services. This section, therefore, focuses on the supply of accommodation by category and by distribution throughout the island. Occupancy rates are also discussed. The objective is to determine whether the supply of accommodation is appropriate for the types of tourists who visit Madagascar and for the locations that are most visited. 6.1 Availability, Quality and Occupancy Rates of Tourist Accommodation In 1999, the country had 556 hotels with 7,207 rooms in 1999; some 111 were classified as meeting international standards and were rated with stars (mostly 3 star). Another 109 met local standards and were rated with palm trees (ravinala). The remaining 336 were unclassified, with many of these containing no more than 5 rooms, operated as a family business, including providing living quarters and meals for the family. By July 2001, the number of hotels had increased and reached 787 and the number of rooms was 8,248 (nor further detail on breakdown is available). The number of hotels increased by 42% between 1999 and July 2001 and the number of rooms by 36%, compared with an increase of 31% in hotels and 19% in rooms between 1996 and 1999. This big leap in accommodation was caused by the expectation of a large increase in tourism in 2001 because of Madagascars vantage point for viewing the total eclipse of the sun Hotels are the main types of accommodation used by tourists-over 90% spend about 15 days in a hotel according to the 2000 visitor survey. Some 25% of tourists spend on average 2 days camping and 21% of even bonafide tourists spend 3 days with family or friends. The 1998 survey had indicated that tourists spent only 4-5 days in hotels. It is inconceivable that the hotel stay would have increased so radically in just two years, so there is an inconsistency between the two surveys. Given the scarcity of appropriate camping or other alternatives to hotel accommodation, the 15-day combined stay for all hotels visited, seems more likely. 6.2 Quality of Accommodation A recent visitor survey of the national parks concluded that facilities in the interior of the parks are limited and sometimes non-existent. Furthermore, accommodation and restaurant services are inadequate and sometimes non-existent in areas surrounding the parks and in neighboring villages. The 2000 visitor survey points out an anomaly in that tourists spend most of their time in nature sites yet it is the towns that are served by more hotels-and by hotels that are generally better than the accommodation in the nature sites. The most significant characteristic of the hotels is that they are very small-the average size for the entire country in July 2001 is 10.5 rooms. Even Antananarivo, with its several business hotels, averages 13.6 rooms per hotel. Moreover, the average number of rooms per hotel has been declining since 1996, when the national average was 14.3 rooms per hotel. The substantial increase in hotel investments between 1999 and 2001 resulted in a decline in hotel size from 13.0 in 1999 to 10.5 rooms per hotel in 2001. The very small size of a hotel can indicate radically different hotel types-luxury or low end. Although Madagascar does have a very few luxury hotels the majority of the existing accommodation, even the newly built hotels, are designed for relatively low-income international tourists, which is not appropriate to demand. In the 2000 visitor survey, Tourists rated highly security and reception. The hotel rooms received average to good ratings, and were criticized mainly because of their lack of maintenance and modern fixtures and fittings. Cleanliness was similarly criticized. Food was rated more highly than all other categories. Tourists had some ambivalence about hotel tariffs with 32% rating them good, 26% very good and another 26% average. As noted in the quotation from a tour operators brochure, below, about hotels in Madagascar, in general the accommodation is not up to western standards. Group travel is a characteristic of tourism today and hotels outside Antananarivo cannot accommodate even the small groups of 16 people and less that travel to Madagascar. Tour operators are unwilling to distribute their group among a number of small hotels because of the lack of sufficient combined good accommodation and, to a lesser extent, because it raises their operational costs. All the ground operators interviewed in Madagascar stated that they compete with each other for rooms in the small number of hotels that meet acceptable standards. When there are no acceptable alternatives, tour operators change itineraries or even cancel groups for peak dates. Absence of quality accommodation in tourist destinations is a major constraint on the growth of the sector. 6.3 Occupancy Rates Hotel occupancy rates were 60% in 1999, 63% in 2000, and 66% in 2001. Thus the occupancy rate is increasing at a time when capacity is also growing, indicating fairly strong growth. An average figure means little in a country with such a large number of hotels, dispersed over many destinations and with a few business hotels in the main cities. From conversations with hotel owners and tour operators, it seems that the few good hotels are operating at or near peak capacity in the main tourist months. In other destinations, seasonality has been tempered by offering lower prices for hotel rooms, Inflexibility caused by climate in Madagascar makes any increase in tourism demand in the low season through pricing incentives less susceptible to success, though some parts of Madagascar are more affected than others by climate (see below). Because of the heavy weight of the airfare in the total tourist package (at least 50%), incentive pricing would also need to be practiced by airlines to have any effect on the total cost of the package and so on the current timing of tourist arrivals. This suggests that an increase in occupancy rates can only occur if tourists can be redistributed in the peak season to areas where occupancy rates are low. Tour operators, however, say that current destinations are selected because of their accessibility and the quality of accommodation. These operators also agree that the asset base is more diversified than the accommodation base and new areas would attract tourists if access and accommodation were available in new sites. The main areas where new accommodation is likely to be required in the near term is in the main ecotourism destinations, the prime beach resorts and in Antananarivo, where some of the bigger hotels have occupancy rates in the 70 + % range. Pressures on itineraries could also be alleviated if there were quality hotels along the roads to the major tourist destinations.  [7]  

The Physics of Light Propulsion :: Physics Science Technology Essays

The Physics of Light Propulsion Imagine a mode of transportation which allows a craft to ride upon a beam of light. This craft uses virtually no fuel, simply the air around us. The uses for such a craft would be endless, launching small satellites into orbit and in the future launching vessels much like today’s shuttles. This idea is no longer a product of science fiction but rather a reality. It is all made possible by the physics which controls everything in our everyday lives. There are two main components to this light propelled craft. The light source is a precision high-powered laser beam. The craft is a large, highly polished parabolic mirror that is designed to capture the laser beam. With the laser in a fixed position on the ground the mirror focuses the beam, rapidly heating the air, creating a wave of heated air out the back. This forces the vehicle in the opposite direction. As the beam is rapidly pulsed, the vehicle is continuously propelled forward. The laser pointer which many people now carry around on key chains was not thought as such a trivial toy or gadget ten years ago. The laser technology itself is a very complicated endeavor. The simple circuitry has evolved from years of work to make the theory behind the amplification of light possible. Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation or LASER, is best understood by beginning at the atomic level where the basis of an atom and its energy levels can be identified. In even the most basic chemistry class the atomic structure is one of the first lessons which is taught. The circular shells of an atom are placed around the nucleus with the electrons placed on these levels. Two in the first layer, eight in the next continuing on to the appropriate number. These shells are formed because electrons are limited to a series of fixed values, this is an example of quantization1. The law of conservation of energy is applied in that an electron may fall to a lower shell, but in doing this it must give up an amount of energy equal to the difference between the two levels. This energy is given up as light. Light is also considered to be quantized. It can be represented as groups of photons. Each photon carries one quantum of light energy. The amount of energy in a quantum depends on the wavelength of the light or the frequency.

Economic Reasons for American Independence :: essays papers

Economic Reasons for American Independence The thirteen colonies that became the USA were originally colonies of Great Britain. By the time the American Revolution took place, the citizens of these colonies were beginning to get tired of the British rule. Rebellion and discontent were rampant. For those people who see the change in the American government and society a real Revolution, the Revolution is essentially an economic one. The main reason the colonies started rebelling against 'mother England' was the taxation issue. The colonies debated England's legal power to tax them and, furthermore, did not wish to be taxed without representation. This was one of the main causes of the Revolutionary War. Eleven years before America had declared it's independence there was 1,450,000 white and 400,000 Negro subjects of the crown. The colonies extended from the Atlantic to the Appalachian barrier (Brinton, 1965). The life in these thirteen colonies was primarily rural, the economy based on agriculture, most were descended from the English, and politics were only the concern of land owners. Throughout these prosperous colonies, only a small portion of the population were content with their lives as subjects of George III. Most found it hard to be continually enthusiastic for their King sitting on his thrown, thousands of miles away. Despite this there were few signs of the upcoming revolution. The occasional call for democracy and liberty were written off by loyalists. Among the upper class feelings of loyalty to the crown were strong and eloquently expressed. The attitudes of the common people mirrored their counterparts in England. They had a combination of indifference and obeisance. The first colonists had brought over both good and evil of their mother country in the seventeenth century. The good had been toughened and in several instances improved; much of the bad had faded away under the tough conditions of life. The American was a special brand of Englishman: he was more American than the English. In the beginning, the economic conditions were a cause in the advance of liberty, the wages in the colonies were generally higher and the working conditions were better than in England. The reason for this altogether joyous condition was a shortage of labor caused by the mass amount of land being settled. The people of the seaboard lost many of their community in the migration to the west. The immigrants brought with them ways of life that supported the colonies.

Behavioral Theory

The ‘Behavioral Theory’ is the most applicable theory that should be used in a training environment. A training environment involves a series of steps wherein all of the participants undergo tedious challenges and examinations in order to achieve the goal that the trainer or examiner wants to achieve. A training environment aims to maximize whatever skills, potentials or strengths a person has so that the latter would be able to achieve the desired result of the training program.This presupposes that the participants in the training program are not yet the best in their field thus there is a need to train them, so that they would be able to develop whatever is needed by them to excel in whatever field they chose to enter. The environment that a person lives in has an impact in his way of living. Whether or not a person would realize it, the fact remains that his surroundings will always have an effect on him which can be seen through his acts whether he is conscious of d oing them or not. This concept is the same as that being relayed by the behavioral theory.This theory provides in essence, that the skills of the person could be developed with the help of the environment that he is surrounded with. The behavior of a person is dictated by what he senses around him. Thus, everything can be adapted by him and eventually instilled in him. A person can learn and pattern his behavior from what he sees, feels, or thinks. I believe that this is the best theory in training. The success of any training depends on the attitude of the participant. But, there are a lot of factors that should be given importance to be able to help the participant to surpass his training.The training environment should be adequate for the organization or company that is giving the training. For example, a training camp for swimmers should have a swimming pool, a coach, a strict schedule, diet and good itinerary. The people who are called to engage in the training are not necessar ily the best people in the field of swimming. But, with the help of the trainer who motivates them, the strict training schedule which calls for them to get up early in the morning to exercise and swim, to have a healthy diet and others would help a lot in directing the minds of the swimmers to become the best athletes.A person who is surrounded with positive people who constantly assure a person that it is possible to reach his dreams would be motivated to give his best and eventually excel in his field. These people were not born as the most intelligent or are considered as the gifted ones but they can outshine everybody if they chose to do so. The ‘behavior theory’ imparts the principle that everything can be learned by anyone who puts his heart into it. A person who is surrounded by people who are geared towards the accomplishment of the same goal or purpose would have the focus to really work hard towards that objective.The manner of thinking and attitude of a pers on could be changed because he would be able to adapt the attitude of the people around him. Let us compare a situation of two children who were born with different levels of intelligence quotient, one with a superior IQ and the other with an average IQ. The child with the superior IQ is not assured of success and wealth when he grows up. His IQ alone would not suffice to help him stand out in the world if his training is poor. While a child with an average IQ but is hard working, motivated and determined with his training can become more successful than the child with a superior IQ.The reason for this is that intelligence alone is not enough because the behavior of a person plays a very important role for him to be able to reach his goals. Thus the cognitive theory is not a guarantee for success in a training environment. The ‘behavior theory’ is more holistic in its approach for training individuals in any organization setting. Reference: – Behavioral Theory. R etrieved on May 3, 2009 from website http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/theories/behavioral_theory. htm. – Cognitive Behavior Theory. Retrieved on May 3, 2009 from website http://www. cognitivebehavior. com/theory/index_p. html.

Key Qualities of a Successful Entrepreneur Essay

Being an entrepreneur is about more than just starting a business or two, it is about having attitude and the drive to succeed in business. All successful Entrepreneurs have a similar way of thinking and posses several key personal qualities that make them so successful in business. Successful entrepreneurs like the ambitious Richard Branson have an inner drive to succeed and grow their business, rather than having a Harvard Business degree or technical knowledge in a particular field.All successful entrepreneurs have the following qualities:Inner Drive to SucceedEntrepreneurs are driven to succeed and expand their business. They see the bigger picture and are often very ambitious. Entrepreneurs set massive goals for themselves and stay committed to achieving them regardless of the obstacles that get in the way. Strong Belief in themselvesSuccessful entrepreneurs have a healthy opinion of themselves and often have a strong and assertive personality. They are focused and determined to achieve their goals and believe completely in their ability to achieve them. Their self optimism can often been seen by others as flamboyance or arrogance but entrepreneurs are just too focused to spend too much time thinking about un-constructive criticism. Search for New Ideas and InnovationAll entrepreneurs have a passionate desire to do things better and to improve their products or service. They are constantly looking for ways to improve. They‘re creative, innovative and resourceful.Openness to ChangeIf something is not working for them they simply change. Entrepreneurs know the importance of keeping on top of their industry and the only way to being number one is to evolve and change with the times. They‘re up to date with the latest technology or service techniques and are always ready to change if they see a new opportunity arise.www.woopidoo.comCompetitive by NatureSuccessful entrepreneurs thrive on competition. The only way to reach their goals and live up to their self imposed high standards is to compete with other successful businesses. Highly Motivated and EnergeticEntrepreneurs are always on the move, full of energy and highly motivated. They are driven to succeed and have an abundance of self motivation. The high standards and ambition of many entrepreneurs demand that they have to be motivated!Accepting of Constructive Criticism and RejectionInnovative entrepreneurs are often at the forefront of their industry so they hear the words †it can‘t be done† quite a bit. They readjust their path if the criticism is constructive and useful to their overall plan, otherwise they will simply disregard the comments as pessimism. Also, the best entrepreneurs know that rejection and obstacles are a part of any leading business and they deal with them appropriately.True entrepreneurs are resourceful, passionate and driven to succeed and improve. They‘re pioneers and are comfortable fighting on the frontline The great ones are ready to be laughed at and criticized in the beginning because they can see their path ahead and are too busy working towards their dream.

8 Higher Thinking Skills through IT-Based Projects Essay

There are four types of IT Based projects which can be used in order to engage students in a higher plane of thinking. The resource-based project relates to finding information to make students go beyond the textbook material. Simple creations make students create their software material to support the need for relevant and effective materials. Guided hypermedia Projects produce self-made multimedia projects help students to create and post webpages on a given topic. These types of IT based projects could help students develop their skills and knowledge not just in learning not just in learning from textbooks but from the computer as well. Using IT-Based projects could help me a lot in my studies. I was able to develop my skills, and I know that I could improve my academic performance by the help of this subject. With the use of IT-Based projects and having enough knowledge with the use of computer, it was shown that students improved in the sense that the students would learn more than what is expected. They don’t just rely on the academic materials, but by using IT-Based Projects. The students would not just develop higher level of thinking but they could also develop their skills that could help them to be productive. Being a future educator, having this higher thinking skill through IT-Based project is advantageous for the reason that it could help the students in learning easily. The teacher wouldn’t find it hard also to engage them in a higher plane of thinking. I can say that I could make use of what I’ve learned from this topic. Because I know me and my future students could benefit from it. Web based project management software is the collection of programs, processes and information that is used to manage various phases of a project and that is accessible on the Internet. Project management entails processes such as scheduling, calculating a critical path, building timelines, creating task lists, managing resources, controlling documents and providing audit trails. Each of these processes can be controlled and sometimes automated through project management software solutions. Web based solutions are coded in a browser supported language such as HTML, ASP or PHP so they can be accessed by clients through a web browser. One main software version is installed and maintained on a server so that more than one client can access this version. One disadvantage to using Web-based software is that the program is usually slower to respond than a typical desktop or client application; Web-based applications are limited by the speed of one’s Internet connection, while client applications operate as quickly as the client’s processor speed. (If you can think of a better way to phrase this, by all means go ahead.) In addition, most information in Web-based applications is not accessible when a user is offline.

Career Interest Profile

My impenitence of researching, straightening, coping with pressure, applying expertise, logical thinking, and leading are consistent with my profile. The researching means I have the ability to get up to speed quickly when presented with new information and tasks. It allows me to support my opinions with evidence. My ability to produce focused and detailed plans while ensuring I see the big picture are in agreement with straightening. M very comfortable with data, identifying patterns, and getting to the root cause f problems by asking the right questions that support my logical thinking. Applying expertise is my understanding of how things work and the capability to effectively implement the use of every tool at my disposal in order to get things done more efficiently. Coping with pressure simply means I can stay on task and be positive through any situation. Together, all the competencies I have described support my capacity of leading.I enjoy coaching mentoring, ND developing indi viduals by providing clear direction, purpose, and motivation. My work culture preferences are high powered, teamwork centered, and ethical. These correlate to my career interests and competencies in many ways. The teamwork centered culture requires working in a close knit team which is interconnected with enterprising and social individuals with most if not all my competencies. In addition, the ethical preference relates to leading by setting the appropriate standards of behaviors.

Buddhist Temple Visit

Buddhism is religion that is based off of peace and spirituality taught by the teachings of Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gotama. Many who follow its teachings believe Buddhism to be more of a way of life or lifestyle choice rather a religion. Buddha is not a god, but one man that taught his followers a path of enlightenment from his experiences and values. Buddha’s main teachings were the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. The Four Noble Truths were teachings about suffering, pain, disease, happiness, loneliness, and aging.It explained why we as humans can overcome certain obstacles in our lives by looking at the more spiritual side of things such as â€Å"Happiness is not something ready-made. It comes from your own actions. † (Dalai Lama). The Eightfold Path is the teachings of being moral, being aware of our actions and thoughts, developing compassion for others, and most importantly gaining wisdom from the understanding of The Four Noble Truths. I visited the Vietnamese Buddhist Center in Sugar Land this past Sunday and it was a sight to behold.The center was surrounded by a green metal fencing with some sort of crest or emblem that looked similar to an steering wheel on an old ship. Driving into the center, the main road was split then split into two smaller roads. The road to the left led to a parking lot, while the road to the right led to a smaller parking lot surrounded by small buildings that seem to be places of worship. The scenery that over hung the roads were statues of lion heads, beautiful trees and flowers in all sorts of colors.The main statue however was a huge tall Buddha in the middle of large pond filled with Koi Fish. There was a small tiled area that visitors could take pictures of the statue in its amazing and beautiful nature. The aura of the place was one of peace and tranquility. The small tiled visitor area was then extended by an overhanging wooden bridge leading to a large tiled courtyard with small trees that was around the perimeter. In the middle of the courtyard was two rows of small trees that were placed vertical to the steps of a large temple, which was the main place of worship.Behind the main temple was another small courtyard was two smaller buildings for worship to the left and the right of the courtyard. Another large building was to the back which looked fairly newly built. It seemed to be a place of serving food that contained no meat but some sort of meat substitute that was not artificially made from what the servers were telling me. Then to the right of that building was a small warehouse that looked to house desks and whiteboards for the weekly Vietnamese classes that are being held there.Outside of the warehouse was a basketball goal for the students that would come for Sunday school, and a small parking lot for more visitors. As I took off my shoes before entering the main temple before the first worship session began, I began to feel a sense of peace within myself as well those that were atten ding the worship session. Inside the main temple was a huge statue of Buddha surrounded with white silhouettes of the Lotus flower, which seems to be the symbol of peace. Tens of incense jars filled with sand litter the alter the room.The room smelled like incense, pleasant and peaceful. There were twenty rows of small cushions that were used for kneeling and sitting, and twenty rows of small raised shelves that were used for holding the prayers that were going to be recited during that session. People were filling the room really quickly, and seats were being taken fast. The elders were given their seats first, and if an elder came a tad late, someone would give them their spot and moved to the side of the room. Everyone was dressed somewhat casually. Most of the older occupants were wearing work clothes like the men wearing slacks and a nice fitted collared shirt, while the women would wear either a dress or slacks and nice top or blouse. The younger occupants, ones of my age or younger, would just be wearing casual school clothes like jeans and a tee shirt. In such a religious place, I have not yet witnessed a young female wearing short-shorts or any revealing outfit for that matter. The room was filled with a mild chatter of Vietnamese and English.Most conversations that I could comprehend were mostly of those catching up with each other and wondering how each other was doing and such. The younger occupants would be talking about the latest craze in music or movies. It suddenly got quiet as there was three loud bangs from striking of the gong to commence the prayers. The head monk for that prayer came out from one of the side doors in a traditional orange robe holding a microphone in his right hand, and prayer sheets in his left. He thanked us all for coming today and briefly explained he prayer we were going to be reciting. The prayer was for those that had lost a loved one, and for them not to be sad as their loved ones have found peace and tranquility as the moved on into the steps of enlightenment and eventually reincarnation. He then turned to the giant Buddha towards the front of the room and began reciting as everyone joined in and recited along. Everyone was on their knees having their hands together as they recited the prayer either from memory or from the pieces of paper that had three pages of prayers in Vietnamese.I could not read the prayers so I just silently glanced at them and tried to make sense of where we were in the prayers. Then one of the monks hit the small drum which everyone bowed for a few short seconds then returned to their original positions. Then a few moments later the drum was struck again, everyone bowed, but now stood up instead of returning to their knees. Then again, the small drum was struck, everyone bowed then returned to being on their knees. The prayer was now being recited faster as a drum was being struck with a beat in quick succession.This was repeated three times and when the prayers were being done recited, the head monk told those that have lost a loved one to follow him into the incense room. I followed about four families into that room. The room had pictures of everyone that had passed away that was a member of the temple. Families that were in that room had a special prayer and ceremony to honor their loved one. The monk said that one member of the family shall come up to the alter, drink a sacred tea and pour a small cup in honor of their loved one.A drum was struck as everyone started to recite a prayer. During the reciting, another monk came and tapped the four members that represented their families with some sort of sacred text. Then the prayer stopped as the four members went to the front, poured their tea, drank it, and poured it for their deceased loved one. Before everyone excited the room, every person was given three incense to pray and let their deceased loved ones know of their prayers today.They would bow three times, pause to pray, went up to the alter, placed their incense into the jar, returned to their spot, and lastly bow three times once more. That was my experience in a Buddhist Temple, the peace and tranquility of the people, and the monks was quite wholesome. Being a young adult, I never really understood the importance of religion and culture, but after visiting a place like this†¦ It really opened my eyes to how a religion can bring peace and everlasting faith within a person.

Telephony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Telephony - Essay Example Over the years, the increasing development in the field of technology presents the capability of human beings to master over nature (Vergragt 2006, pp.1-3). Telephony represents that form of technology that allows easy and active interactions between different points through the availability of voice equipments. Telephone is the most commonly observed and used instrument of the technology of telephony. It provides interactive facilities to every residential house as well as in businesses. Telephones have also been associated with telephony switching systems and exchanges that are necessary for the processing of the calls occurring between two points. Developments have occurred over the years in telephony reflecting a shift from the initial local point to point connections to highly sophisticated connections in the modern world (What is Telephony 2012). The present study focuses on the origins, characteristics, and consequences of technological system considering the example of teleph ony. ... xtensive knowledge on the nature of sound that he applied in determining the possibility of passing multiple messages through at the same time through the same wire (Bellis 2012). The figure on the left presents one of the earliest telephones as invented by Graham Bell. The use of multiple telegraph had been suggested and tried earlier as well. However, with Bell’s application of a harmonic approach, the idea could be actually implemented. It was in the year 1878 that the first Bell telephone company was established. It is now known as the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). In 1878, the first exchange of telephone was established in New Haven. Earlier the connections of the telephones had to be done in pairs. In the year 1889, the system of pay phone came into existence. Thereafter, with the advancements in the technology, the touch-tone phones, cordless phones, and mobile phones were developed (Bellis 2012). Characteristics of Telephony: The Technological System : The service of telephony or telecommunications is provided by an industry that includes different groups of people like the engineers, scientists and craftsmen. Telephone companies are either under the control of the government of a country or they may also be private in nature (Freeman 2004, p.1). Basic Telephony: The simple connection of the telephone as is most commonly known to the world is characterised by a device that is connected to other points across the world through use of pair of wires. The parts of such a telephone include a handset, a cradle, along with the signalling system that contains either dial or push buttons for making the connections. The handset is created with two electroacoustic transducers, the earpiece that acts as the receiver, and a mouthpiece that acts as the

Immunopharmacolgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Immunopharmacolgy - Essay Example The authors showed also that phosphoramidon significantly potentiates neuropeptide-induced airway microvascular leakage at proximal intrapulmonary airways, but not at any other airway level (ibid, p. 945). There are no available data about the combined action of posphoramidon and histamine and capscaicin. Nevertheless, some authors discuss the mechanisms of interaction between peptidergic and histaminergic stimuli in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma (Crimi et al., 1995; O'Connor et al., 2004; Kirsch et al., 1992; Crimi et al., 1988). For example, the results of Intalian scientists (Crimi et al., 1995) provided evidence of phosphoramidon role in the mediation of Bradykinin-related responses but not in the mediation of histaminergic effects. Contrarily, capsaicin and phosphoramidon have synergistic effects on the bronchial tone (Sagara et al., 1993). To determine whether the epithelium influenced the effect of endogenously released and exogenously released substance P on smooth muscle function there is expediently to conduct two different experiments. The first one will test the action of exogenously released substance P and can be conducted in vivo with the administration of substance P via inhalation. The effects of endogenously released substance P could be tested in the in vitro study with isolated tracheal ring where some of them will be processed by the airway epithelium removal. Th The major effect of epithelium removal on the contractile response to substance P could be related to the loss of neutral endopeptidase and neuropeptide degradation. This hypothesis also is proved by the numerous experimental studies (Toews et al., 1997; Frossard et al., 1989 etc) References 1. Crimi et al. (1988) Effect of nedocromil on bronchospasm induced by inhalation of substance P in asthmatic subjects. Clin Allergy. 18(4) pp. 375-82 2. Crimi et al. (1995) Effect of an inhaled neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, on baseline airway calibre and bronchial responsiveness to bradykinin in asthma. 4Thorax. 50(5):505-10. 3. Gallelli et al. (2003) Role of tachykinins in the bronchoconstriction induced by HCl intraesophageal instillation in the rabbit. Life Sci. 72(10) 1135-1142. 4. Kirsch et al. (1992) Mechanism of platelet activating factor-induced vascular leakage in the rat trachea. Exp Lung Res. 18(4) pp. 447-459. 5. 4Lotvall et al. (1991) Differential effects of phosphoramidon on neurokinin A- and substance P-induced airflow obstruction and airway microvascular leakage in guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol. 104(4):945-9. 6. Marini et al. (1996) Endothelin-1 induces increased fibronectin expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 220(3) 896-899. 7. 4O'Connor et al. (2004) The role of substance P in inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol. 201(2):167-80. 8. 4Sagara et al. (1993) Effect of capsaicin on the migration of eosinophils into the bronchi of guinea pigs Arerugi. 42(3 Pt 1):236-42 9. 4Toews, Ustinova & Schultz (1997) Lysophosphatidic acid enhances contractility of isolated airway smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1997 Oct;83(4):1216-22. 10. 4Zhan, Adner & Cardell (2004) Interleukin-1beta attenuates endothelin B receptor-mediated airway contractions in a murine in vitro model of asthma: roles of endothelin converting enzyme and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Clin Exp Allergy. 34(9) pp.

Columbia HCA Fraud Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Columbia HCA Fraud Case - Essay Example My goal is to relate the case to the subject of Business Ethics and derive important lessons on how business should be conducted. Reading thru the case study, we can discern the numerous causal factors of the federal investigation of Columbia/ HCA. From what I can understand, the investigation was brought about by a combination of internal and external factors which is presented below: It was started in June 1996 by Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin that the Medicare program will go broke by 2001 with the way funds are being spent. Expenditures were increasing exponentially with $160 billion for the 1994 fiscal year. That's about $440 million per day. By the year 2003, it is projected that it will mushroom to $380 billion or $1 billion per day according to the Congressional Budget Office. As a general observation, any activity that increases or decreases suddenly is subject to the curiosity of other people especially when it involves large amounts of money. This being the case, it only took a matter of time before it caught the attention of government authorities who have become very keen in finding ways to eliminate unnecessary expenditures and catching fraudulent transactions. The arguments used by the managers to justify the large increase in Medicare costs was the increase in efficiency, more expensive equipment and better accounting practices. These arguments alone are enough to stir speculations because Medicare expenditures should rise due to the rise in harder-to-treat diseases requiring more expensive medication. Does it make sense then that there was an increase in acute and chronic disease when the health care service became more efficient Does it mean those doctors in the past misdiagnosed patients and when Columbia/HCA came into the picture, they suddenly became experts in diagnosis (Remember that most of the doctors were still those under the past management) New Legislation Protecting Whistleblowers Whistleblowers are those that expose the anomalies of their employees, partners, and co-employees. Anomalous activities, in this case, refers to fraudulent acts that cheat the government (and consequently the taxpayers) of their money. It may include tax evasion and false claims. In the past, whistleblowers were exposed to retribution by the entities who they claim is engaged in anomalous activities. They could only expect minimal attention from the authorities and if ever they were given such attention, they could only expect minimal legal assistance so why bother being one Unless you have very deep grievances against the person, being a whistleblower was a risky venture. With the new legislation, more legal protection for the whistleblower was provided. Incentives were also offered such as the 30% of the recovered money going to the whistleblower which was mentioned in the reading. With the combination of these two important measures, whistle-blowing became a less risky venture. The focus of Government Authorities in Stemming Corruption.

LLB FAMILY LAW (Coursework) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

LLB FAMILY LAW (Coursework) - Essay Example In this case the property in question is the house, which though held in Paul’s name, Lauren has an interest in because of their shared history in it and the fact that she did make a contribution of some sort to Paul’s acquisition of it. A constructive trust is implied in law in both a domestic and a commercial context. In this instance it is in the domestic context. The main features of the constructive trust are that it relies upon three basic components, the first of which is common intention. There was indeed common intention in the coming together of Lauren and Paul in their living together. There has not been up to now not been any agreement among the two parties, Lauren and Paul either directly or in an implied manner, been an agreement that they would be sharing the house out for the purpose of benefiting from it separately. The common intention was that they live together in the house, even though its title was under Paul’s name, Lauren was able to play her part in the common interest by paying for the utility bills and assisting with household expenses and thus freed up Paul’s income for use in servicing the mortgage of the property or paying for its acquisition. By contributing towards the household expenses and the utility bills she therefore can claim to have made a material contribution towards Paul’s acquisition of the said property. She thus has rights under constructive trust, to the use of the property. The common intention is both implied and actual even in the absence of any written agreement. The absence of a written or structured agreement cannot therefore negate Lauren’s right to the use of the property in question and therefore she is entitled to stay there together with the children that resulted from and during their cohabitation.1 The fact that they have lived together for such a long time anchors the argument of common intentions to live together even though they are not married. The second c omponent of constructive trust is the detrimental reliance by the claimant. By detriment here is included the things that Lauren had to give up or make do without in order to ensure that Paul was able to acquire the property – the fact that she had to forego her job and chose to be a stay at home mother and take care of the children and also the fact that she gave up her State benefits to be used in the common household expenses and also the fact that she paid some of the utility bills. These are all factors to be considered in looking at the common intention constructive trust that protects the contribution that Lauren put into this enterprise. Lauren continued to live with Paul in the house even when the relationship became strained and even when she was treated to continued verbal abuse. She had every right to continue staying there and even now she has the right to stay there since the agreement that was in place that they would live together in the house is still in effe ct. And she has every right to go back there, together with her children, as long as she is assured that there will not be a return to the abusive and violent behaviour. Lauren, by virtue of her contribution to the acquisition of the property in question, would therefore suffer if the court or law determined that she was not entitled to its fair use and occupation. She should therefore have her constructive tr